Table 2.
Interictal Migraine Studies Evaluating Adiponectin (ADP) in Those with Migraine as Compared to Controls
| Author (Year and Journal) | Design and Sample Size | Migraine State at Sample Time and HA Frequency | Controls | Age (Mean) | Sex | Obesity Control | Baseline Labs | Exclusions | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Peterlin (2008 N) | CS-Clin Case-Con eval ADP and ADP multimers in CM vs EM vs Con Con: n = 12 EM: n = 13 CDH (CM + TM): n = 12 |
Interictal EM HA freq: 1–9 HA/mo CM HA Freq: 15+ days/mo |
HA-Free | Con: 33 ± 9 EM: 35 ± 10 CM: 34 ± 9 |
W | m-BMI matched WHR Adj Mean m-BMI: Con: 25 EM: 24 CM: 24 |
Glucose | Diabetes Thyroid disease CV disease Infection Autoimmune Renal disease Cholesterol | In this selected patient group of non-diabetic, normotensive Caucasian women, after adjusting for WHR, T-ADP was increased in those with migraine vs controls (CM 10 ± 4 vs EM 9 ± 3 vs Con 8 ± 2 μg/mL, P = .002) Increase in T-ADP in migraineurs due to increases in HMW and MMW-ADP. |
| Bernecker† (2011 EJN Volume 18 page 571–576) | CS-Clin Case-Con eval MMP and TIMPS in non-obese EM vs non-obese Con. Given study design only crude levels reported for variables (eg. ADP) other than MMP. Con: n = 74 EM: n = 50 |
Interictal EM: ~1 ± 2 HA days/mo |
HA-Free | Con: 36 ± 9 EM: 37 ± 12 |
W and M comb | Not BMI Adj Include overweight with normal weighted individuals vs obese Mean m-BMI:Con: 23 EM: 23 |
Glucose Cholesterol Lipid panel Insulin (measured and with group differences; ADP not adj given study design) | Diabetes Thyroid CV disease Infection Metabolic disorders Chronic illness Depression Obesity (BMI >29.9) | In this selected patient group of women and men with low frequency EM and without depression who were non-obese, crude T-ADP ns different in non-obese EM 17 ± 7 vs non-obese Con 16 ± 10; P-value reported as NS. AdjustedT-ADP levels were not reported by study design. Note: The women in this study cohort overlap with those reported in Bernecker (2011) EJN Vol. 18 p. 1233. |
| Bernecker† (2011 EJN Volume 18 page 1233–1239) | CS-Clin Case-Con Eval oxidative stress markers in women with migraine Given study design only crude levels reported for ADP. Con: n = 48 EM: n = 48 |
Interictal Median HA Freq: 1 day/mo EM HA Freq Range = 0.2–10 HA days/mo |
HA-Free | Con: 22 ± 4 EM: 24 ± 5 |
W | Not BMI Adj Included normal, overweight, obese Mean m-BMI: Con: 22 EM: 24 |
Glucose Cholesterol Lipid panel Insulin (measured and with group differences; ADP not adj given study design) | Diabetes Thyroid CV disease Infection Metabolic disorders Chronic illness Depression Obesity (BMI >29.9) | In this selected patient group of women with low frequency EM and without depression crude T-ADP NS different in EM 16.1 ± 7.6 vs non-obese Con 18.3 ± 11.2; P-value reported as NS. Adjusted T-ADP levels were not reported by study design. Levels of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenalmation (an oxidative stress marker) were reported to be significantly increased in those with migraine and to correlate with T-ADP levels and BMI. |
| Dearborn (2014 N) | CS-Gen Pop Case-Cohort eval T-ADP and ADP multimers in older mig vs older Con. Con: n = 850 All Mig: n = 131 Def Mig: n = 72 p-Mig: n = 59 |
Mixed State Note: EM + CM comb; thus some likely CM and in pain at sample time. HA Freq: Not reported |
Mig-Free (non-migraine headache may have been included in Con). | Con: 53 ± 0.3 Mig: 51 ± 0.7 |
W and M Comb and Strat | m-BMI Adj Mean m-BMI: Con: 27 Mig: 27 |
Glucose Cholesterol | Diabetes Races other than black and white | In this general population cohort of age 45 + men and women, unadjusted T-ADP was increased in migraineurs (EM + CM) as compared to con, (Mig: 8 ± 0.6 vs Con 7 ± 0.2 μg/mL, P = .03 for All-Mig and P = .05 for definitive Mig). After adj (age, race, BMI, and glucose), OR of mig increased with increasing T-ADP (OR 1.86; CI: 1.15, 3.01; P = .01) and HMW-ADP (OR 1.96; CI: 1.11, 3.48; P=.02) in men and not women. |
| Duarte (2014 JNS) | CS-Clin Case-Con to eval T-ADP and ADP multimers in Mig vs Con Con: n = 65 EM: n = 45 CM: n = 23 |
Interictal and Mixed State HA Freq: ~11 ± 8 HA days/mo |
HA-Free | Con: 45 ± 16 Mig: 41 ±15 |
W and M Comb and Strat | m-BMI Adj Mean m-BMI: Con: 26 Mig: 25 |
Infection Inflammatory disease Allergic disorders Autoimmune Disorders Hepatic disease Neurodegen disorders Tumors | In this selected patient group of women and men, T-ADP increased in those with migraine (EM + CM) vs controls. (T-ADP: Mig 44 ± 12 vs 37 ± 10 ng/mL HA-free Con, P < .0001) and remained sig different after adj (BMI), P = .005. |
Adj = adjusted; C = Cephalalgia; clin = clinical; CM = chronic migraine; CDH = chronic daily headache; Con = control; Comb = combined; CS = cross-sectional; EJN = European Journal of Neurology; EM = episodic migraine; freq = frequency; HA-free Con = HA-free control; HMW = high molecular weight; JNS = Journal of Neurological Sciences; LMW = low molecular weight; mig = migraine; MMW = middle molecular weight; mig = migraine; m-BMI = measure body mass index; mo = month; N = Neurology; non-HA-Free Con = non-HA-free control; ns = no signifigance; sr-BMI = self-reported body mass index; strat = stratified; T-ADP = total adiponectin; TM = transformed migraine; W = women; WHR = waist to hip ratio.
†
These findings are from studies utilizing overlapping cohorts and do not represent entirely unique or separate cohorts and should be interpreted together.