Table 3A.

An overview of attention training studies with double baseline measurement.

Study	Population	Sample size	Training (focus)	Duration training (actual mean)	Setting	Outcome measures	Significance of comparisons of pre-training (t0), second baseline (t0b), post-training (t1), and follow-up (t2)							Multiple testing adjusted	Ecological valid measure	Train. improv. Evaluated	Reported conflicts of interest
							Within Ss				Between Ss
							t0b–t0	t1–t0	t2–t0	t2–t1	t1–t0	t2–t0	t2–t1
Gauggel et al., 1996	ABI, post-acute - chronic (4–16 m post onset) with deficit in ≥2/3 NPA att. tasks	N = 4	Hierarchical (alertness, RT, vigilance, suppress interference, selective and divided att.)	30–40 min, 5 d/w, 2–4 w = 12.5 h (unkn.)	Unkn.	Attention:								No	No, only global question-naire	No	Not reported
						WDG	*a	−	.	.	.	.	.
						Numb. connect.	*a	*a	.	.	.	.	.
						D2	−	*a	.	.	.	.	.
						WMS:
						Logical mem.	−	−	.	.	.	.	.
						Assoc. learning	−	−	.	.	.	.	.
						CFT - Rey	−	−	.	.	.	.	.
						LPS (IQ)	−	−	.	.	.	.	.
						Sat. w Life Scale	*a	−	.	.	.	.	.
						CES-D	−	−	.	.	.	.	.
Hauke et al., 2011	Brainstem encephalitis, chronic (4.5 y post onset)	N = 1	CogniPlus (alertness)	45 min, 5 d/w, 3 w = 11 h (unkn.)	Unkn.	Intrinsic alert.	−	*	.	-	.	.	.	No	Yes, question-naire of att. deficit	No	Not reported
						Focused att.	*	*	.	- -	.	.	.
						Vigilance	*	*	.	-	.	.	.
						Divided att.:
						Audio	*	*	.	- -	.	.	.
						Visual	*	*	.	-	.	.	.
						subj. att. (FEDA)	.	*	.	-	.	.	.
Ponsford et al., 1988	Very severe HI, post-acute (<9 m post onset) with deficit in SoP	N = 15 (10 comple-ted)	Unkn. (speed of visual RT, visual search, selective att.)	15 times 30 min, 3 w = 7.5 h (unkn.)	Rehab.?	Four-choice RT	↑	−	↑	.	.	.	.	No	Yes, clerical task	No	Not reported
						SDMT	↑	−	↑	.	.	.	.
						2-letter cancel.	↑	−	↑	.	.	.	.
						Similarities	.	−	*	.	.	.	.
						subj. Att. Beh.	↑	−	*	.	.	.	.
						Clerical task	.	−	−	.	.	.	.
Sturm et al., 2003	ABI, post-acute - chronic (3 m - 13 y post onset) with att. deficits in ≥2 att. domains	N = 33: 9: alertness 7: vigilance 11: selective att. 6: divided att.	AIXTENT (either alertness, vigilance, selective, or divided att.) + CAU (but no other att. therapies)	14 times 1 h = 14 h (unkn.)	Rehab.	TAP:								Yes, Bonfer-roni correct.	No	No	Not reported
						Alertness:
						Phasic	-*	+b	.	.	.	.	.
						Intrinsic	-*	+b	.	.	.	.	.
						Vigilance:
						Error	-*	-*	.	.	.	.	.
						Omission	-*	+b	.	.	.	.	.
						Selective att.:
						Error	-*	-*	.	.	.	.	.
						RT	-*	-*	.	.	.	.	.
						Divided att.:
						Omission	+	+b	.	.	.	.	.

+, significant (sign.) and survives adjustment for multiple testing (Bonferroni-Holm adjustment is based on the number of outcome measures used at that time-point); -, not sign.; ^*, sign. but unknown whether it would survive adjustment; -^*, not sign. but unknown whether it would be sign. without adjustment; - -, sign; decrease ↑, improvement but not statistically tested;., not mentioned in methods; a, max 1/4 of patients sign. improved; b, max 1/4 training programs resulted in sign. improvement.

Train. improv., training improvements; Ss, subjects; N, sample size; y, years; m, months; w, weeks; d/w, days per week; h, hours; min, minutes; ABI, acquired brain injury; NPA, Neuropsychological assessment; att., attention; HI, head injury; SoP, speed of processing; RT, reaction time; unkn., unknown; CAU, care as usual; rehab., rehabilitation center; correct., correction.

Abbreviations neuropsychological tests: WDG, Wiener Determination Apparatus; Numb. connect., Number Connection Test; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale; mem., memory; Assoc., Associated; CFT, Complex Figure Test; LPS, Leistungsprüfsystem; Sat. w Life Scale, Satisfaction with Life Scale; CES-D, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale; alert., alertness; subj. att. (FEDA), subjective attention (Fragebogen erlebter Defizite der Aufmerksamkeit); SDMT, Symbol Digit Modalities Test; 2-letter cancel., Two-letter cancellation task; subj. Att. Beh., Rating Scale of Attentional Behaviors; TAP, Test of Attentional Performance.