. 2016 Apr 20;10:150. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00150

Table 4A.

An overview of combined working memory and attention training study with double baseline measurement.

Study	Population	Sample size	Training (focus)	Duration training (actual M)	Setting	Outcome measures	Significance of comparisons of pre-training (t₀), second baseline (t_0b), post-training (t₁), and follow-up (t₂)							Multiple testing adjusted	Ecological valid measure	Train. improv. Evaluated	Reported conflicts of interest
							Within Ss				Between Ss
							t_0b–t₀	t₁–t₀	t₂–t₀	t₂–t₁	t₁–t₀	t₂–t₀	t₂–t₁
Ruff et al., 1994	Severe head injury, post-acute—chronic (> 6 m post onset)	N = 15: no control	THINKable (attention, memory)	2 h/d, ??? w = 2 × 20 = 40 h (unkn.)	Rehab.	Pc Attention	.	±	×	×	×	×	×	No	Yes	No	Yes, research was supported by company that developed the training
						Pc Memory I	.	−	×	×	×	×	×
						Pc Memory II	.	±	×	×	×	×	×
						Pc Memory III	.	−	×	×	×	×	×
						Ruff 2 & 7 SAT	.	−	×	×	×	×	×
						Digit symbol	.	+	×	×	×	×	×
						Cont. perf. I	.	−	×	×	×	×	×
						Cont. perf. II	.	−	×	×	×	×	×
						RAVLT - direct	.	±	×	×	×	×	×
						RAVLT - delayed	.	−	×	×	×	×	×
						Corsi - direct	.	±	×	×	×	×	×
						Corsi - delayed	.	−	×	×	×	×	×
						WMS:
						Information	.	−	×	×	×	×	×
						Orientation	.	−	×	×	×	×	×
						Mental control	.	±	×	×	×	×	×
						Logical memory	.	±	×	×	×	×	×
						Digits forward & backward	.	−	×	×	×	×	×
						Visual reprod.	.	−	×	×	×	×	×
						Assoc. learning	.	−	×	×	×	×	×
						Subj. att. - self	.	−	×	×	×	×	×
						Subj. att. - proxy	.	±	×	×	×	×	×
						Subj. mem. - self	.	±	×	×	×	×	×
						Subj. mem.-proxy	.	+	×	×	×	×	×
						Beck depr.	.	−	×	×	×	×	×

+, significant and survives adjustment for multiple testing (Bonferroni-Holm adjustment is based on the number of outcome measures used at that time-point); ±, significant but doesn't survive adjustment; -, not significant; ×, not included in analysis;., not mentioned in methods.

M, mean; Train. improv., training improvements; Ss, subjects; N, sample size; m, months; w, weeks; h/d, hours per day; h, hours; unkn., unknown; rehab., rehabilitation center.

Abbreviations neuropsychological tests: Pc, personal computer; SAT, Selective Attention Test; Cont. perf., Continuous performance; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale; reprod., reproduction; Assoc., Associated; Subj., subjective; att., attention; mem., memory; depr., depression.