. 2016 Apr 20;10:150. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00150

Table 4B.

An overview of combined working memory and attention training studies with single baseline measurement.

Study	Population	Sample size	Training (focus)	Duration training (actual M)	Setting	Outcome measures	Significance of comparisons of pre-training (t₀), post-training (t₁), and follow-up (t₂)							Multiple testing adjusted	Ecological valid measure	Train. improv. Evaluated	Reported conflicts of interest
							Within Ss				Between Ss
							t₁–t₀		t₂–t₀	t₂–t₁	t₁–t₀	t₂–t₀	t₂–t₁
							CG	IG
Chen et al., 1997	CHI, post-acute—chronic (M = 15.9 m)	N = 40: IG = 20 CAU = 20	Bracy Process Approach (att., visual- spatial orientation, memory, problem-solving)	Differed per participant (unkn.)	Rehab.	Verbal IQ	+	+	.	.	×	.	.	Yes, p < .004 with Bonfer-roni correct.	No	No	Not reported
						Performance IQ	+	+	.	.	×	.	.
						Full scale IQ	+	+	.	.	×	.	.
						WAIS-R:
						Information	(+)/-	+	.	.	×	.	.
						Vocabulary	−	+	.	.	×	.	.
						Digit span	(+)/-	+	.	.	×	.	.
						Arithmetic	−	−	.	.	×	.	.
						Comprehension	−	−	.	.	−	.	.
						Similarities	(+)/-	+	.	.	×	.	.
						Picture compl.	+	+	.	.	×	.	.
						Picture arrange.	+	+	.	.	×	.	.
						Block design	+	+	.	.	−	.	.
						Object assem.	+	+	.	.	−	.	.
						Digit symbol	+	+	.	.	×	.	.
						Category test	(+)/-	+	.	.	−	.	.
						TMT-A	+	+	.	.	−	.	.
						TMT-B	+	+	.	.	−	.	.
						WCST	(+)/-	+	.	.	−	.	.
						Mental control	−	−	.	.	−	.	.
						Digit span forw.	−	(+)/-	.	.	−	.	.
						Digit span rev.	(+)/-	+	.	.	−	.	.
						Logical mem.	−	+	.	.	−	.	.
						Logical mem. DR	(+)/-	+	.	.	−	.	.
						Visual reprod.	−	+	.	.	−	.	.
						Visual reprod DR	(+)/-	−	.	.	−	.	.
						Paired assoc.	×	×	.	.	×	.	.
						Paired assoc. DR	×	×	.	.	×	.	.
De Luca et al., 2014	Severe brain injury, post-acute phase (3–6 m post onset)	N = 34: IG + CAU = 15 CAU = 19	Based on several web-based programs (memory, EF, abilities of thinking)	??? min, 3 d/w, 8 w (unkn.)	Rehab.?	MMSE	−	+	×	.	+	×	.	No	Yes, question-naires but not specific about EF	No	Not reported
						LCF	±	+	×	.	+	×	.
						RML	−	+	×	.	+	×	.
						RAVLT - direct	−	+	×	.	+	×	.
						RAVLT - delayed	−	+	×	.	+	×	.
						Att. Matrices	−	+	×	.	+	×	.
						CV Fluency	−	+	×	.	±	×	.
						LV Fluency	−	+	×	.	+	×	.
						Constr. Apraxia	±	±	×	.	+	×	.
						Barthel Index	+	+	×	.	−	×	.
						ADL	±	+	×	.	±	×	.
						IADL	±	+	×	.	±	×	.
						HRS anx.	−	−	×	.	±	×	.
						HRS depr.	−	+	×	.	±	×	.
Fernandez et al., 2012	ABI (Stroke or TBI), mostly chronic (1-5 y post onset)	N = 50 no control	RehaCom software package (divided att., concentration, RT, audio and visual memory)	50 min, 5 d/w, 12 w = 50 h (unkn.)	Lab, 4 at a time with presence two specialists	MMSE	.	−	.	.	.	.	.	No	No	No	Not reported
						WMS:
						Information	.	^*	.	.	.	.	.
						Orientation	.	^*	.	.	.	.	.
						Mental control	.	^*	.	.	.	.	.
						Logical memory	.	^*	.	.	.	.	.
						Digits forward and backward	.	^*	.	.	.	.	.
						Visual reprod.	.	^*	.	.	.	.	.
						Assoc. learning	.	^*	.	.	.	.	.
						Mem. quotient	.	^*	.	.	.	.	.
						TMT-A	.	^*	.	.	.	.	.
						TMT-B	.	−	.	.	.	.	.
Gray et al., 1992	mild-severe ABI, post-acute—chronic (7 w–10 y) with attention deficits	N = 31: IG = 17 aCG = 14 (recrea-tional computing without time pressure)	Unkn. (att. involved in processes of control)	14 times 75 min, 2 d/w = 17.5 h (15.35h)	Rehab.?	Digit span forw.	×	×	×	×	−	−	.	No	No, only a psycho-logical well-being measure but not specific about EF	No	Not reported
						Digit span rev.	×	×	×	×	−	±	.
						PASAT:
						Total	−	±	×	±	−	+	.
						Longest string	−	−	±	±	−	±	.
						Info proc. rate	−	±	×	+	±	±	.
						Arithmetic	−	±	×	×	−	±	.
						WCST error	×	×	×	×	−	−	.
						WCST pers. error	×	×	×	×	−	−	.
						Finger tapping	×	×	×	×	−	−	.
						Word fluency	×	×	×	×	−	−	.
						Letter cancel.:
						Time	×	×	×	×	×	×	.
						Error	×	×	×	×	−	−	.
						Picture compl.	×	×	×	×	±	−	.
						Time estimation	×	×	×	×	−	−	.
						Logical mem.	×	×	×	×	−	−	.
						Logical mem. DR	×	×	×	×	−	−	.
						Rey - copy	×	×	×	×	−	−	.
						Rey - delayed	×	×	×	×	−	−	.
						Neale accuracy	×	×	×	×	×	×	.
						Comprehension	×	×	×	×	−	−	.
						Block design	×	×	×	×	−	±	.
						Similarities	×	×	×	×	−	−	.
						GHQ-28	−	−	−	−	−	−	.
Lin et al., 2014	Stroke, post-acute (6–10 m) with EF and memory deficit	N = 34: IG = 16 pCG = 18	RehaCom software package (EF, memory)	1 h, 6 d/w, 10 w = 60 h (unkn.)	Rehab.?	WMS:								Not for NPA MRI p was set to < 0.005	No	No	None
						Information	−	−	.	.	×	.	.
						Orientation	−	−	.	.	×	.	.
						Mental control	−	+	.	.	×	.	.
						Logical memory	−	+	.	.	×	.	.
						Digits forward and backward	−	±	.	.	×	.	.
						Visual reprod.	−	+	.	.	×	.	.
						Assoc. learning	−	+	.	.	×	.	.
						Memory quotient	−	+	.	.	×	.	.
						TMT-A	−	+	.	.	×	.	.
						TMT-B	−	−	.	.	×	.	.
						Corr. between MRI & NPA	−	+	.	.	.	.	.
						MRI	+	+	.	.	.	.	.
Spikman et al., 2010	ABI, post-acute—chronic (3 m–39 y post onset) with dysexecutive complaints	N = 75: PC = 37 strategy training = 38	Cogpack (reaction speed, att., memory, planning)	20–24 times 1 h, 2 d/w, in 3 m = 22 h (unkn.)	Rehab.	Role Resum. List	+	+	+	−	- -	- -	- -	Yes, Bonfer-roni Holm correct.	Yes	No	Not reported
						DEX patient	+	+	+	×	−	−	.
						DEX proxy	+	+	−^*	×	−	−	.
						DEX therapist	+	+	+	×	- -	−	.
						Ex. Obser. Scale	+	+	+	×	- -	- -	.
						QOLIBRI satisfac	+	+	−^*	×	−	−	.
						QOLIBRI burden	+	+	−^*	×	−	−	.
						BADS	+	+	+	×	−	−	.
						TMT-B/A	−^*	−^*	−^*	×	−	−	.
						Stroop 3/2	−^*	−^*	+	×	−	−	.
						ToL	+	+	−^*	×	−	−	.
						RAVLT - direct	+	+	×	×	−	×	.
						RAVLT - delayed	−^*	−^*	×	×	−	×	.
						Tx Satisf. Scale	.	.	.	.	.	.	−
						Tx Goal Attain.	.	.	.	.	- -^a	.	- -
						Ex. Secret. Task	.	.	.	.	.	.	−

+, significant (sign.) and survives adjustment for multiple testing (Bonferroni-Holm adjustment is based on the number of outcome measures used at that time-point); ±, sign. but doesn't survive adjustment; -, not sign.; (+)/-, not sign. but would be without adjusting; ^*, sign. but unknown whether it would survive adjustment; −^*, not sign. but unknown whether it would be sign. without adjustment; - -, CG is sign better than IG; ×, not included in analysis;., not mentioned in methods; a, not measured at baseline.

M, mean; Train. improv., training improvements; Ss, subjects; IG, intervention group; CG, control group; aCG, active control group; pCG passive control group; CAU, care as usual; strat., strategy group; PC, personal computer; N, sample size; y, years; m, months; w, weeks; d/w, days per week; h, hours; min, minutes; CHI, closed head injury; ABI, acquired brain injury; TBI, traumatic brain injury; EF, executive functioning; att., attention; RT, reaction time; unkn., unknown; rehab., rehabilitation center; NPA, neuropsychological tests; correct., correction.

Abbreviations neuropsychological tests: WAIS-R, Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale revised; compl., completion; arrange., arrangement; assem., assembly; TMT, Trail Making Test; WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test; forw., forward; rev., reversed; mem., memory; DR, delayed recall; reprod., reproduction; assoc., associated; MMSE, Mini-Mental State Examination; LCF, Levels of Cognitive Functioning; RML, Reversal Motor Learning; RAVLT, Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test; Att. Matrices, Attentive Matrices; CV, Category Verbal; LV, Letter Verbal; Constr., Constructional; (I)ADL, (Instrumental) Activities of Daily Living Scale; HRS, Hamilton Rating Scale; anx., anxiety; depr., depression; WMS, Wechsler Memory Scale; PASAT, Paced Auditory Serial Attention Test; proc., processing; pers., perseverative; cancel., cancelation; GHQ-28, General Health Questionnaire; corr., correlation; Role Resum. List, Role Resumption List; DEX, Dysexecutive Questionnaire; Ex. Obser. Scale, Executive Observation Scale; QOLIBRI, Quality of Life after Brain Injury; satisfac, satisfaction; BADS, Behavioural Assessment of the Dysexecutive Syndrome; ToL, Tower of London; Tx Satisf. Scale, Treatment Satisfaction Scale; Tx Goal Attain., Treatment Goal Attainment; Ex. Secret. Task, Executive Secretarial Task.