Table 3.
Characteristics of E-Interventions*
| Characteristic | Adult Trials (n = 14) | Student Trials (n = 14) |
|---|---|---|
| Level of support | ||
|
| ||
| 1 | 7 | 11 |
|
| ||
| 2 | 4 | 3 |
|
| ||
| 3 | 3 | 0 |
|
| ||
| Number of sessions | ||
| 1 | 7 | 12 |
|
| ||
| >1 | 6† | 2‡ |
|
| ||
| NR | 1 | 0 |
| Session duration | ||
|
| ||
| Median (range), min | 10 (3–90) | 25 (2–50) |
|
| ||
| NR | 7 | 5 |
|
| ||
| NA§ | 2 | 0 |
|
| ||
| Intervention | ||
| IVR | 2 | 0 |
|
| ||
| Not named | 3 | 5 |
|
| ||
| e-CHUG | 0 | 2 |
|
| ||
| BASICS | 0 | 3 |
|
| ||
| What Do You Drink | 0 | 2 |
|
| ||
| Programs used only once‖ | 9 | 2 |
|
| ||
| Delivery mode | ||
| Accessed on the Internet | 9 | 12 |
|
| ||
| Software on laptop or desktop | 1 | 2 |
|
| ||
| Mobile device¶ | 1 | 0 |
|
| ||
| IVR | 2 | 0 |
|
| ||
| NR | 1 | 0 |
| Delivery location | ||
|
| ||
| Off-site** | 5 | 6 |
|
| ||
| On-site†† | 3 | 4 |
|
| ||
| NR | 6 | 4 |
|
| ||
| Content of e-intervention | ||
| Brief intervention | 10 | 8 |
|
| ||
| PNF‡‡ | GS: 6 Non-GS: 1 NR: 1 |
GS: 10 Non-GS: 2 |
|
| ||
| Psychoeducation | 9 | 7 |
|
| ||
| Alcohol-specific, n/N | 4/9 | 4/7 |
|
| ||
| Goal setting | 7 | 3 |
|
| ||
| Negative consequences | 5 | 6 |
|
| ||
| Skills training | 3 | 2 |
|
| ||
| Self-monitoring | 4 | 0 |
|
| ||
| Tailored feedback | 3 | 4 |
|
| ||
| Relapse prevention | 2 | 0 |
|
| ||
| Other techniques§§ | 10 | 3 |
| Comparator | ||
|
| ||
| WL‖‖ | 5 | 8 |
|
| ||
| Attention/information control | 6 | 5 |
|
| ||
| Treatment as usual | 3 | 1 |
|
| ||
| Risk of bias | ||
| Low | 3 | 5 |
|
| ||
| Moderate | 7 | 8 |
|
| ||
| High | 4 | 1 |
BASICS = Brief Alcohol Screening and Intervention for College Students; e-CHUG = Electronic Check-up to Go; e-intervention = electronic intervention; GS = gender-specific; IVR = interactive voice response; NA = not applicable; NR = not reported; PNF = personalized normative feedback; WL = wait list.
Values are numbers unless otherwise indicated.
2 daily IVR.
2–5 sessions.
IVR.
In adult trials: Balance; feedback, responsibility, advice, menu of options, empathy, and self-efficacy; eScreen.se; www.drinktest.nl; Down Your Drink; Check Your Drinking; minderdrinken.nl; Addiction-Comprehensive Health Enhancement Support System; and Everything With Limits. In student trials: Tertiary Health Research Intervention Via Email and College Drinker’s Check-up.
Smartphone.
For example, home or IVR.
For example, clinic or classroom.
For adults, the comparison group was usually a national population (n = 3) or age-matched adults (n = 3); for students, the comparison group was usually student peers (n = 7).
Used once. For adults: cognitive behavioral therapy, computer monitoring, e-mail, global positioning system, homework, taking responsibility, text messaging, and values clarification. For students: homework and decisional balance exercise.
Includes true WL, assessment only, and no treatment.