Fig. 2.

Suppressive CMs are quantitative and resistant against heat and enzymatic digestion. a CM from L. reuteri strain BM36301 represses TNF-α production from LPS-treated THP-1 cells in a quantitative manner. TNF-α levels produced from the THP-1 cultures with (lanes 2 – 6) or without (lane 1) LPS were measured by ELISA method. For treatment of CM, 2.5 % (0.5×, lane 3), 5 % (1×, lane 4), 10 % (2×, lane 5), or 15 % (3×, lane 6) of THP-1 culture volume (v/v) was added at the time of LPS stimulation. CM from the control medium (MRS) was added to 5 % in lanes 1 and 2. The data show averages with SD from 3 independent assays. b CM from B. animalis subsp. lactis strain BM10307 contains metabolites that repress TNF-α production from LPS-treated THP-1 cells in a quantitative manner. The LPS and CM were treated as indicated. CM from the control medium (BL) was added to 5 % in lanes 1 and 2. Data are from 3 independent experiments. c CMs from BM36301 (gray) or BM10307 (black) were either boiled (lane 4) or treated with trypsin (lane 5) to compare their activities with native CMs (lane 3). Results are averages with SD from 3 independent experiments