Table 1.
General characteristics of study participants by diabetes status
| All | Diabetes | Non-diabetes | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participants | Patients | controls | ||
| Age, yrs | 54.6 ± 10.5 | 56.4 ± 10.4 | 51.9 ± 10.2 | 0.01 |
| Gender (male), n (%) | 368 (45.1) | 212 (26) | 156 (19.1) | 0.79 |
| Duration of diabetes, yrs | 7.1 ± 6.2 | |||
| Hypertension, n (%) | 397 (48.7) | 323 (39.6) | 74 (9.1) | <0.001 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 27.9 ± 7.8 | 29 ± 8.7 | 26.3 ± 5.8 | <0.001 |
| Height, cm | 163 ± 11 | 162 ± 13 | 164 ± 8 | 0.038 |
| Waist girth, cm | 94 ± 24 | 95 ± 12 | 93 ± 34 | 0.442 |
| Waist-hip ratio | 0.93 ± 0.21 | 0.94 ± 0.07 | 0.91 ± 0.31 | 0.061 |
| Systolic BP, mmHg | 135 ± 26 | 144 ± 24 | 121 ± 22 | <0.001 |
| Diastolic BP, mmHg | 80 ± 13 | 84 ± 13 | 74 ± 10 | <0.001 |
| Pulse BP, mmHg | 55 ± 19 | 60 ± 18 | 48 ± 18 | <0.001 |
| Mean BP, mmHg | 98 ± 15 | 104 ± 15 | 90 ± 11 | <0.001 |
| Heart rate, bpm | 80 ± 13 | 82 ± 13 | 76 ± 12 | <0.001 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 0.034 | |||
| Current | 36 (4.4) | 10 (1.2) | 26 (3.2) | |
| Former | 139 (17.1) | 101 (12.4) | 38 (4.7) | |
| Never | 630 (77.3) | 364 (44.7) | 266 (32.6) | |
| Second-hand smoking | 120 (14.7) | 73 (8.9) | 47 (5.8) | 0.078 |
| Alcohol, n (%) | 223 (27.4) | 114 (14) | 109 (13.4) | 0.002 |
| Educational level | 0.344 | |||
| Up to Elementary school | 493 (60.5) | 301 (36.9) | 192 (23.6) | |
| Higher than elementary | 322 (39.5) | 185 (22.7) | 137 (16.8) | |
| Employment | 0.043 | |||
| Unemployed | 319 (39.2) | 206 (25.3) | 113 (13.9) | |
| Part-time employment | 49 (6) | 27 (3.3) | 22 (2.7) | |
| Full-time employment | 447 (54.8) | 255 (31.3) | 192 (23.5) | |
| Diabetes medication, n (%) | 0.012 | |||
| Oral hypoglycaemics | 315 (38.7) | |||
| Insulin | 68 (8.3) | |||
| Insulin & oral hypoglycaemics | 102 (12.5) | |||
| ABI (mean ± SD) | 0.99 ± 0.22 | 0.93 ± 0.24 | 1.02 ± 0.17 | 0.115 |
| Low (<0.9), n (%) | 218 (26.7) | 152 (18.6) | 66 (8.1) | |
| Normal (0.9–1.3), n (%) | 549 (67.4) | 294 (36.1) | 255 (31.3) | 0.001 |
| High (<1.3), n (%) | 48 (6) | 39 (4.9) | 9 (1.1) |