Table 1.
Overview of publications, all RCTs
| First author | Year | Study arm | N | Age (years) | M % | History of HT % | Anti-HT drugs % | Follow-up (days) | Timing of intervention | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bekiroglu [18]a | 2013 | M | 30 | 75.5 (7.1) | 57 | 100 | 90 | 28 | 1×/day | Turkish Classical |
| C | 30 | 78.2 (6.1) | 57 | 100 | 90 | Resting Period | ||||
| Modesti [2] | 2010 | M | 26 | 58.0 (−) | 62 | 100 | 77 | 180 | 1×/day | Classical, Celtic, Indian |
| C | 29 | 58.0 (−) | 55 | 100 | 73 | Music Guided Slow-Breathing (Buteyko-Pranayama) | ||||
| Zanini [19]a | 2009 | M | 23 | 66.5 (9.1) | 30 | 100 | 100 | 84 | 1×/week | Recreation, Improvisation, Composition, Listening of musicb |
| C | 22 | 67.2 (9.6) | 55 | 100 | 100 | No Intervention (Standard Medical Therapy) | ||||
| Chan [20]a | 2009 | M | 23 | >60 | 44 | 61 | - | 28 | 1×/day-1×/week | Western-, Chinese-, Asian Classical, Western Jazz |
| C | 24 | >60 | 46 | 67 | - | Resting Period | ||||
| Tang [25] | 2009 | M | 22 | 85.0 (5.0) | 18 | 59 | 32 | 84 | 3×/week | Mozart |
| C | 19 | 86.0 (6.0) | 11 | 68 | 42 | Audio Relaxation Program Training (Revitalizer II) | ||||
| Altena [24] | 2009 | M | 15 | 59.0 (11.7) | 53 | 100 | 100 | 63 | Preferably daily | Slow Music |
| C | 15 | 60.0 (11.0) | 47 | 100 | 100 | Resperate® (Device Guided Breathing Exercises) | ||||
| Pandic [22] | 2008 | M | 22 | 66.5 (8.3) | 18 | 100 | 77 | 112 | 3×/week | Relaxing Music |
| C | 31 | 70.4 (8.7) | 32 | 100 | 77 | Resperate® (Device Guided Breathing Exercises) | ||||
| Logtenberg [23] | 2007 | M | 15 | 59.0 (11.7) | 67 | 100 | 100 | 56 | 1×/day | Various Kinds of Music |
| C | 15 | 62.7 (6.0) | 20 | 100 | 100 | Resperate® (Device Guided Breathing Exercises) | ||||
| Schein [21] | 2001 | M | 29 | 56.5 (8.0) | 39 | 100 | 76 | 56 | 1×/day | Quiet Synthesized Music with Non-Identifiable Rhythm |
| C | 32 | 57.8 (9.4) | 56 | 100 | 91 | Breathe with Interactive Music (BIM) Device | ||||
| Grossman [26] | 2001 | M | 15 | 50.0 (4.0) | 67 | 100 | 53 | 56 | 1×/day | Quiet Synthesized Music with Non-Identifiable Rhythm |
| C | 18 | 52.0 (12.0) | 72 | 100 | 56 | Breathe with Interactive Music (BIM) Device |
RCT randomized controlled trial, M music arm, C control arm, HT hypertension
aStudy with Resting period/No intervention as control group
bThis study used music therapy whereas the others used recorded music interventions