Table 1.
Characteristics of the studies included in the pooled analysis of meat and prostate cancer
| Study | Country/continent | Follow-up | Baseline cohort size |
Age range (yr) |
Total cases |
Localized cases |
Advanced cases (%1) |
Advanced (restricted) cases (%1) |
Fatal cases (%) |
Low grade cases |
High grade cases (%2) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study | Finland | 1985–2002 | 26,987 | 50–69 | 1,316 | 828 | 354 (37) | 243 (19) | 270 (21) | 825 | 223 (21) |
| Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial | USA | 1985–2005 | 10,474 | 50–69 | 736 | 442 | 68 (11) | 45 (8) | 38 (6) | 555 | 79 (12) |
| CLUE II: Campaign Against Cancer and Heart Disease | USA | 1989–2009 | 5,926 | 18–90 | 461 | 250 | 54 (14) | 25 (6) | 46 (12) | 296 | 133 (31) |
| Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort | USA | 1992–2005 | 65,923 | 50–74 | 6,943 | 5,785 | 458 (7) | 282 (4) | 283 (4) | 5,433 | 1,238 (19) |
| Cohort of Swedish Men | Sweden | 1998–2008 | 45,338 | 45–79 | 3,014 | 1,853 | 538 (18) | 398 (14) | 310 (11) | 1,726 | 365 (17) |
| European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition | Europe | 1991–2006 | 142,195 | 20–97 | 2,727 | 1,337 | 345 (17) | 175 (9) | 248 (12) | 1,325 | 298 (18) |
| Health Professionals Follow-Up Study | USA | 1986–2008 | 47,781 | 40–75 | 5,536 | 3,879 | 669 (13) | 321 (6) | 532 (10) | 4,094 | 571 (12) |
| The Japan Public Health Center- Based Study Cohort 1 | Japan | 1990–2004 | 20,161 | 40–59 | 135 | 78 | 20 (19) | 16 (15) | 5 (5) | 90 | 34 (27) |
| The Japan Public Health Center- Based Study Cohort 2 | Japan | 1993–2004 | 24,116 | 40–69 | 167 | 84 | 38 (27) | 32 (23) | 12 (9) | 92 | 46 (33) |
| Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study | Australia | 1990–2006 | 14,824 | 27–75 | 910 | 737 | 76 (9) | 11 (1) | 70 (8) | 668 | 218 (25) |
| Multiethnic Cohort Study | USA | 1993–2004 | 84,297 | 45–75 | 5,583 | 4,597 | 512 (10) | 367 (7) | 283 (5) | 3,668 | 1,575 (30) |
| The Netherlands Cohort Study | Netherlands | 1986–2007 | 58,279 | 55–69 | 2,416 | 1,263 | 749 (33) | 557 (24) | 460 (20) | 1,746 | 500 (22) |
| The NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study | USA | 1995–2006 | 250,065 | 50–71 | 18,889 | 13,946 | 886 (5) | 540 (3) | 554 (3) | 13,744 | 3,964 (22) |
| Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial | USA | 1994–2003 | 15,620 | 55–86 | 853 | 792 | 13 (2) | 8 (1) | 7 (1) | 684 | 107 (14) |
| The Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial | USA | 1993–2008 | 30,163 | 55–74 | 2,997 | 2,574 | 144 (5) | 90 (3) | 81 (3) | 2,584 | 395 (13) |
| Total | 842,149 | 52,683 | 38,445 | 4,924 | 3,110 | 3,199 | 37,530 | 9,746 |
“Localized”: defined as cancers with information on stage but are not defined as “periprostatic”, i.e. cancers confined within the prostate; “Advanced”: defined as T4, N1, M1 or fatal cancers. “advanced (restricted)”: same as “advanced” but excluding localized cases and cases with missing stage, who died of prostate cancer during follow-up; “low grade”: gleason score <8 or well/moderately differentiated; “high grade”: gleason score ≥8 or poorly differentiated/undifferentiated.
Percentages calculated using total number of cases with non-missing data on stage, therefore numbers do not add to 100%.
Percentages calculated using total number of cases with non-missing data on grade, therefore numbers do not add up to 100%.