Table 1.
Sample Characteristics (N=103)
| Ethnicity | %(n) |
|---|---|
| Malay | 61.2 (63) |
| Indian | 16.5 (17) |
| Chinese | 14.6 (15) |
| Other | 7.8 (8) |
| Relationship Status | |
| Single | 69.9 (72) |
| Partnered or married | 30.1 (31) |
| Highest level of education completed | |
| None | 11.7 (12) |
| Primary | 28.2 (29) |
| Form 3 | 28.2 (29) |
| Form 5 | 26.2 (27) |
| Form 6 | 1.9 (2) |
| University | 3.9 (4) |
| Religion | |
| Muslim | 68 (66.0) |
| Buddhist | 11 (10.7) |
| Hindu | 11 (10.7) |
| Christian | 7 (6.8) |
| Other | 4 (3.9) |
| None | 2 (1.9) |
| Age (mean, SD) | 39.4 ±10.7 |
| Age (range) | (19–66) |
| Median income in Malaysian Ringgit (range) | RM 800/ month (0–30,000) |
| Primary Source of Income a | |
| Full-time, traditional | 31.4 (32) |
| Part-time, traditional | 22.5 (23) |
| Sex work | 19.6 (20) |
| Welfare/Public Assistance | 3.9 (4) |
| Friend | 2.9 (3) |
| Other | 19.6 (20) |
| Sex Work | |
| Regular | 19.4 (20) |
| Intermittent | 24.3 (25) |
| None | 56.3 (58) |
| Housing Status | |
| Homeless | 31.1 (32) |
| Unstable | 31.1 (32) |
| Stable | 37.9 (39) |
| Social Support (scale 1–5) (mean, SD) | 3.2 ±1.2 |
| Previous Incarceration or Detention | |
| Jail, ever | 93.2 (96) |
| Prison, ever | 70.9 (73) |
| Any previous incarceration or detention due to drug useb | 91.7 (88/96) |
| Previous incarceration events [jail and prison], medianb | 6 (1–317) |
| Total lifetime months incarcerated [lock-up and prison], mean, SDb | 58.8 ±68.1 |
| Total lifetime months incarcerated [lock-up and prison], median (range) |
46 (2–400) |
| Previous placement in CDDC, evera | 47.6 (49) |
| Total lifetime CDDC events (median)a | 2 (1–14) |
| Total lifetime months in CDDC (mean)a | 22.4 ±16.5 |
| Substance Abuse Risk Behaviors | |
| Injection Drug Use | |
| Never | 68.8 (70/103) |
| Yes, more than 30 days ago (remote) | 10.7 (11/103) |
| Yes, in last 30 days (active) | 21.4 (22/103) |
| Shared injection equipment – Last 30 days | 68.2 (15/22) |
| Injected another person – Last 30 days | 68.2 (15/22) |
| Been injected by another person – Last 30 days | 95.5 (21/22) |
| Sex work | |
| Any sex work (past 6 months) | 44.7 (46) |
| For money | 91.3 (42/46) |
| For drugs | 26.1 (12/46) |
| For a place to stay | 23.9 (11/46) |
| For food | 15.2 (7/46) |
| For clothing | 10.9 (5/46) |
| Comorbidities | |
| Depression | 60.2 (62) |
| Severe | 48.5 (50) |
| Moderate | 11.7 (12) |
| Mild | 11.7 (12) |
| Infectious Diseases (self-reported) | |
| HIV | 20.0 (20/100) |
| Hepatitis C | 8.9 (9/101) |
| Hepatitis B | 4.0 (4/101) |
| Tuberculosis (active) | 3.0 (3/101) |
| Violence and Victimization | |
| Childhood sexual trauma | 30.7 (31/101) |
| Childhood physical abuse | 49.5 (51) |
| Adulthood sexual trauma | 23.8 (24/101) |
| Adulthood physical abuse | 62.0 (62/100) |
| Adulthood physical abuse by an intimate partner | 75.8 (47/62) |
a
n=102
b
n=96, or those with any previous incarceration