Table 2.
Observed Outcomes of Symptom Exacerbation
| Trauma-Focused Treatment | Waiting List | df | χ2 | P Value | Phi | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ratio | % | Ratioa | % | |||||
| Any symptom exacerbationb,c | ||||||||
| Baseline to posttreatment | 13/91 | 14.3 | 12/39 | 30.8 | 1 | 3.78 | .050 | −0.19 |
| Baseline to follow-up | 10/88 | 11.4 | 9/39 | 23.1 | 1 | 3.07 | .108 | −0.15 |
| Clinician-rated PTSD symptoms (CAPS) | ||||||||
| Baseline to posttreatment | 3/91 | 3.3 | 2/39 | 5.1 | 1 | 0.00 | .636 | −0.04 |
| Baseline to follow-up | 2/88 | 2.3 | 2/40 | 5.0 | 1 | 0.08 | .589 | −0.07 |
| Self-reported PTSD symptoms (PSS-SR) | ||||||||
| Baseline to posttreatment | 0/91 | 0.0 | 3/39 | 7.7 | 1 | 4.16 | .026 | −0.23 |
| Baseline to follow-up | 3/88 | 3.4 | 2/40 | 5.0 | 1 | 0.00 | .647 | −0.04 |
| Paranoid ideation (GPTS) | ||||||||
| Baseline to posttreatment | 3/91 | 3.3 | 5/39 | 12.8 | 1 | 2.79 | .052 | −0.18 |
| Baseline to follow-up | 2/88 | 2.3 | 4/39 | 10.3 | 1 | 2.26 | .071 | −0.17 |
| Depressive symptoms (BDI-II) | ||||||||
| Baseline to posttreatment | 9/91 | 9.9 | 7/39 | 17.9 | 1 | 0.98 | .245 | −0.11 |
| Baseline to follow-up | 7/88 | 8.0 | 3/39 | 7.7 | 1 | 0.00 | 1.000 | 0.00 |
Note: Abbreviations are explained in the first footnote to table 1. χ2, chi-square test value; df, degrees of freedom; PTSD, posttraumatic stress disorder.
aOne participant withdrew from further participation after completing CAPS and PSS-SR at 6-mo follow-up. Therefore, at 6-mo follow-up N = 40 for CAPS and PSS-SR and N = 39 for the GPTS and BDI-II.
bAny exacerbation on CAPS, PSS-SR, GPTS, or BDI-II.
cWe repeated the analyses with lower cutoffs for exacerbation, ie, not multiplying symptom exacerbation by 1.96, because other studies used these lower cutoffs for exacerbation.(8,12) All the results for the analyses with lower cutoffs for exacerbation (not reported) were similar to the analyses reported here. The only difference is that there was significantly less lower cutoff exacerbation of paranoid ideations (GPTS) in the trauma-focused condition during the treatment period (P = .008; phi = −0.26).