Table 4.
Health outcome stratified by diabetes health behavior
| Mean (CI) | HbA1c, % and mmol/mol | p Value | N | Systolic BP, mm Hg | p Value | N | s-Cholesterol, mmol/L | p Value | N | LDL, mmol/L | p Value | N |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Weekly self-measured blood glucose | ||||||||||||
| None/do not know | 7.9 (6.5 to 9.6); 63 (48 to 81) | 0.018 | 107 | 130.1 (100.2 to 161.5) | 0.559 | 72 | 4.2 (3.4 to 5.3) | 0.124 | 110 | 2.0 (1.5 to 2.8) | 0.224 | 109 |
| 1–7 times a week | 7.4 (6.4 to 8.7); 57 (46 to 72) | 382 | 132.3 (115.2 to 149.7) | 260 | 4.0 (3.2 to 5.0) | 383 | 1.9 (1.2 to 2.8) | 382 | ||||
| 1–3 times a day or more | 7.5 (6.5 to 8.6); 58 (48 to 70) | 405 | 132.4 (116.9 to 148.2) | 324 | 4.0 (3.2 to 5.0) | 419 | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.8) | 416 | ||||
| Treatment adherence | ||||||||||||
| Low/moderate | 7.9 (6.7 to 9.5); 63 (50 to 80) | <0.001 | 186 | 132.4 (129.9 to 135.0) | 0.783 | 123 | 4.1 (3.2 to 5.3) | 0.114 | 189 | 2.0 (1.4 to 2.9) | 0.120 | 184 |
| Average/high | 7.4 (6.4 to 8.6); 57 (46 to 70) | 705 | 132.2 (131.1 to 133.5) | 518 | 4.0 (3.2 to 5.0) | 730 | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.8) | 711 | ||||
| Medical advice adherence | ||||||||||||
| Low/moderate | 8.0 (6.8 to 9.4); 64 (51 to 79) | <0.001 | 226 | 132.0 (110.6 to 153.4) | 0.587 | 162 | 4.1 (3.3 to 5.2) | 0.040 | 233 | 2.0 (1.4 to 2.9) | 0.017 | 223 |
| Average/high | 7.4 (6.4 to 8.6); 57 (46 to 70) | 653 | 132.3 (119.4 to 145.2) | 469 | 4.0 (3.2 to 5.0) | 672 | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.8) | 658 | ||||
| Smoker | ||||||||||||
| Yes | 7.5 (6.4 to 8.7); 58 (46 to 72) | 0.433 | 761 | 130.5 (120.7 to 144.5) | 0.359 | 102 | 4.0 (3.2 to 5.1) | 0.890 | 134 | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.8) | 0.278 | 132 |
| No | 7.7 (6.4 to 9.2); 61 (46 to 77) | 139 | 132.5 (103.2 to 158.5) | 529 | 4.0 (3.2 to 5.0) | 772 | 2.0 (1.4 to 2.8) | 749 | ||||
| Primary care utilization | ||||||||||||
| Low/moderate | 7.7 (6.6 to 9.0); 61 (49 to 75) | 0.028 | 323 | 132.2 (115.2 to 149.6) | 0.414 | 168 | 4.1 (3.2 to 5.2) | 0.250 | 230 | 2.0 (1.3 to 2.9) | 0.133 | 229 |
| Average/high | 7.4 (6.4 to 8.7); 57 (46 to 72) | 553 | 132.0 (117.6 to 146.3) | 472 | 4.0 (3.2 to 5.0) | 664 | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.7) | 660 | ||||
| Maintaining healthy eating habits | ||||||||||||
| Low/moderate | 7.8 (6.7 to 9.2); 62 (50 to 77) | 0.002 | 135 | 131.4 (102.3 to 160.6) | 0.867 | 90 | 4.1 (3.3 to 5.1) | 0.298 | 136 | 2.0 (1.4 to 2.7) | 0.561 | 132 |
| Average/high | 7.5 (6.4 to 8.7); 58 (46 to 72) | 746 | 132.3 (120.7 to 144.2) | 532 | 4.0 (3.2 to 5.0) | 758 | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.8) | 738 | ||||
| Exercise | ||||||||||||
| Low/moderate | 7.7 (6.5 to 9.1); 61 (48 to 76) | 0.008 | 332 | 132.4 (111.2 to 153.8) | 0.824 | 234 | 4.0 (3.2 to 5.1) | 0.729 | 336 | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.8) | 0.307 | 326 |
| Average/high | 7.4 (6.4 to 8.6); 57 (46 to 70) | 554 | 132.1 (119.8 to 144.5) | 390 | 4.0 (3.2 to 5.0) | 563 | 1.9 (1.3 to 2.8) | 549 | ||||
Estimates from analysis of covariance adjusted for (1) insulin regimen, smoking, age, duration of diabetes, (2) age and self-reported NYHA class, (3) age and gender, and (4) insulin regimen and gender. Geometric means are shown for log-transformed data (HbA1c, s-cholesterol and LDL).
BP, blood pressure; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; NYHA, New York Heart Association.