Table 1.

Definition of sociodemographic, behavioral, and cardiometabolic variables

Sociodemographic and behavioral factors

Age groups: 35–44, 45–54, 55–64, ≥65 yrs

Education: none or primary, secondary, and higher

Assets index: divided into tertiles, calculated for each site based on number of possessions [40]

Site: Lima (costal urban), Puno urban (high-altitude urban), Puno rural (high-altitude rural), and Tumbes (costal rural)

Current tobacco use: self-reported (“Which best describes your history of smoking: never user or former user/current user?”)

Alcohol drinking: the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) score ≥8 points for hazardous drinking, which is a pattern of alcohol consumption that increases the risk of harmful consequences for the user or others [41]

Leisure-time physical activity: days of moderate and vigorous physical activity in leisure-time during the last 7 days

Salt intake: lack of control of salt or sodium intake (“Do you do something regularly to control your salt or sodium intake? Yes/No”)

Cardiometabolic abnormalities considered

Hypertension: SBP ≥140 mm Hg or DBP ≥90 mm Hg, or antihypertensive medication, or physician diagnosis

Hypertriglyceridemia: fasting triglyceride ≥150 mg/dl

Low HDL-C level: HDL-C <40 mg/dl in men <50 mg/dl in women

Diabetes mellitus: fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl, or glucose-lowering medication, or self-reported diagnosis

Insulin resistance: HOMA-IR >5.00 (>90th percentile)

Obesity: BMI ≥30 kg/m2

Waist circumference: ≥90 cm in men or ≥80 cm in women

BMI, body mass index; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HDL-C, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance; SBP, systolic blood pressure.