Table 1.
Study characteristics by region
| Study | Country | Sample size | Design | Follow-up (months) |
Intervention type /control group |
Intervention |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Diabetes management trials in Europe | ||||||
| Mixed trials | ||||||
| O'Hare et al10 | UK (England) | 361 | Cluster RCT | 12 | Mixed/usual care | SA link workers, additional DSME from nurse |
| Bellary et al11 | UK (England) | 1486 | Cluster RCT | 24 | Mixed/usual care | SA link workers, additional DSME from nurse |
| Choudhury et al14 | UK (Wales) | 42 | Pre-post | 1 | Mixed/no control | Culturally adapted X-PERT programme |
| Vyas et al16 | UK (England) | 211 | Cluster RCT | 12 | Mixed/usual care | Diabetes nurse, dietician and chiropodist advice |
| Education trials | ||||||
| Hawthorne and Tomlimson12 | UK (England) | 201 | RCT | 6 | Education/usual care | Picture flashcards and structured education package delivered by link worker |
| Hawthorne13 (duplicate) | UK (England) | 199 | RCT | 6 | Education/usual care | Picture flashcards delivered by link worker (not trained in psychology) |
| Baradaran et al15 | UK (Scotland) | 118 | RCT | 6 | Education/usual care | Cultural-specific education by dietician and podiatrist, didactic and interactive group session, visual aids |
| Middelkoop et al17 | The Netherlands (South Holland) | 113 | RCT | 6 | Education/patients who received educational materials only at the end of the study | Culture-specific education materials: general diabetes information in Surinam-Hindi language and nutrition information specific to South Asian cooking—by specialist diabetes nurse and dietician |
| Diabetes management trials in India | ||||||
| Mixed trials | ||||||
| Balagopal et al18 | India (Tamil Nadu) | 30 | Pre-post | 7 | Mixed/no control | Culturally and linguistically appropriate education on dietary modifications, improving physical activity and reducing stress provided by trained trainers; and education on blood glucose management by a DE |
| Balagopal et al19 | India (Gujarat) | 118 | Pre-post | 6 | Mixed/no control | Culturally and linguistically appropriate health education on dietary modifications, improving physical activity and risk for developing diabetes by CHW; education and counselling by DE. peer based; CHW; group sessions; advice on exercise and diet; Meditation, problem-solving |
| DeSouza and Subrahmanya Nairy,26 DeSouza and Nairy27 | India (Goa) | 60 | Pre-post | 2 | Mixed/usual care | Nurse-directed intervention (education, psychosocial support, visual aids) |
| Exercise-based trials | ||||||
| Hameed et al24 | India (Delhi) | 48 | RCT | 2 | Exercise/group on stationary cycling programme without work load and static stretching exercises | Progressive Resistance Training Program (2–3×/week) |
| Misra et al25 | India (Delhi) | 30 | Pre-post | 3 | Exercise/no control group | Progressive Resistance Training Program (3×/week) |
| Shenoy et al,30 Arora et al31 | India (Punjab) | 30 | RCT | 4 | Exercise/participants underwent no training but continued medications | Progressive resistance training (2 times per weeks) and aerobic exercise (3 times a week) |
| Shenoy et al32 | India (Punjab) | 40 | RCT | 2 | Exercise/participants underwent no training but continued medications | Aerobic walk using a heart rate monitor and pedometer to achieve a target of 150 min per week |
| Yoga-based trials: asanas (body postures) and pranayama (breathing exercises) | ||||||
| Shantakumari et al20 | India (Kerala) | 100 | RCT | 3 | Exercise/patients on OHA without yogic exercises | OHA and yoga exercises (asanas and pranayama meditation techniques) |
| Vaishali et al21 | India (Karnataka) | 57 | RCT | 3 | Exercise/received general healthy lifestyle and exercise information | Yogic exercises (asanas) and specially developed breathing techniques (pranayama) |
| Singh et al34 | India (Delhi) | 24 | Pre-post | 1.3 | Exercise | Yoga asanas |
| Madanmohan et al35 | India (Tamil Nadu) | 15 | Pre-post | 1.5 | Exercise | Yoga (asanas and pranayama) including yogic counselling and lifestyle modification advice |
| Education trials | ||||||
| Adepu et al22 | India (Kerala) | 70 | RCT | 4 | Education/pharmacist counselling at study end | Patient counselling by pharmacist |
| Ghosh et al23 | India (Uttar Pradesh) | 22 | RCT | 1.5 | Education/pharmacist counselling and information leaflets at study end | Counselling by pharmacist, information leaflets |
| Malathy et al29 | India (Tamil Nadu) | 207 | RCT | 3 | Education/patients received counselling and information leaflets at study end | Pharmacist counselling and information leaflets |
| Shetty et al33 | India (Tamil Nadu) | 215 | RCT | 12 | Education/usual care | SMS messaging on cell phones on diabetes management education |
| Diet-based trials | ||||||
| Pande et al28 | India (Maharashtra) | 15 | Pre-post | 1 | Diet/no control | Low and low-medium glycaemic load meals |
Intervention type: education, exercise, dietary or mixed (two or more intervention types).
CBA, controlled before and after experiment; CHW, community health worker; DE, diabetes educator; DSME, diabetes self-management education; OHA, oral hypoglycaemic agent; RCT, randomised controlled trial; SA, South Asian.