Skip to main content
PMC home page
British Heart Journal logoLink to British Heart Journal
. 1995 May;73(5 Suppl 2):16–25. doi: 10.1136/hrt.73.5_suppl_2.16

Intracoronary ultrasound: current state of the art

Peter P Kearney 1, Ian R Starkey 1, George R Sutherland 1
PMCID: PMC483895  PMID: 7612393

Full text

PDF

Images in this article

17Image
on p.17
17Image
on p.17
18Image
on p.18
20Image
on p.20
21Image
on p.21
22Image
on p.22
22Image
on p.22

Selected References

These references are in PubMed. This may not be the complete list of references from this article.

  1. Anderson M. H., Simpson I. A., Katritsis D., Davies M. J., Ward D. E. Intravascular ultrasound imaging of the coronary arteries: an in vitro evaluation of measurement of area of the lumen and atheroma characterisation. Br Heart J. 1992 Sep;68(3):276–281. doi: 10.1136/hrt.68.9.276. [DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  2. Anderson T. J., Meredith I. T., Uehata A., Mudge G. H., Selwyn A. P., Ganz P., Yeung A. C. Functional significance of intimal thickening as detected by intravascular ultrasound early and late after cardiac transplantation. Circulation. 1993 Sep;88(3):1093–1100. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.88.3.1093. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  3. Braden G. A., Herrington D. M., Downes T. R., Kutcher M. A., Little W. C. Qualitative and quantitative contrasts in the mechanisms of lumen enlargement by coronary balloon angioplasty and directional coronary atherectomy. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Jan;23(1):40–48. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90500-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  4. Comess K., Fitzgerald P. J., Yock P. G. Intracoronary ultrasound imaging of graft thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1992 Dec 3;327(23):1691–1692. doi: 10.1056/NEJM199212033272317. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  5. Coy K. M., Park J. C., Fishbein M. C., Laas T., Diamond G. A., Adler L., Maurer G., Siegel R. J. In vitro validation of three-dimensional intravascular ultrasound for the evaluation of arterial injury after balloon angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Sep;20(3):692–700. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90026-j. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  6. Davidson C. J., Sheikh K. H., Kisslo K. B., Phillips H. R., Peter R. H., Behar V. S., Kong Y. H., Krucoff M., Ohman E. M., Tcheng J. E. Intracoronary ultrasound evaluation of interventional technologies. Am J Cardiol. 1991 Nov 15;68(13):1305–1309. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(91)90236-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  7. De Scheerder I., De Man F., Herregods M. C., Wilczek K., Barrios L., Raymenants E., Desmet W., De Geest H., Piessens J. Intravascular ultrasound versus angiography for measurement of luminal diameters in normal and diseased coronary arteries. Am Heart J. 1994 Feb;127(2):243–251. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(94)90110-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  8. Di Mario C., Madretsma S., Linker D., The S. H., Bom N., Serruys P. W., Gussenhoven E. J., Roelandt J. R. The angle of incidence of the ultrasonic beam: a critical factor for the image quality in intravascular ultrasonography. Am Heart J. 1993 Feb;125(2 Pt 1):442–448. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90024-4. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  9. Di Mario C., The S. H., Madretsma S., van Suylen R. J., Wilson R. A., Bom N., Serruys P. W., Gussenhoven E. J., Roelandt J. R. Detection and characterization of vascular lesions by intravascular ultrasound: an in vitro study correlated with histology. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1992 Mar-Apr;5(2):135–146. doi: 10.1016/s0894-7317(14)80543-9. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  10. Drexler H., Fischell T. A., Pinto F. J., Chenzbraun A., Botas J., Cooke J. P., Alderman E. L. Effect of L-arginine on coronary endothelial function in cardiac transplant recipients. Relation to vessel wall morphology. Circulation. 1994 Apr;89(4):1615–1623. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.89.4.1615. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  11. Evans J. L., Ng K. H., Vonesh M. J., Kramer B. L., Meyers S. N., Mills T. A., Kane B. J., Aldrich W. N., Jang Y. T., Yock P. G. Arterial imaging with a new forward-viewing intravascular ultrasound catheter, I. Initial studies. Circulation. 1994 Feb;89(2):712–717. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.89.2.712. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  12. Fitzgerald P. J., Ports T. A., Yock P. G. Contribution of localized calcium deposits to dissection after angioplasty. An observational study using intravascular ultrasound. Circulation. 1992 Jul;86(1):64–70. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.86.1.64. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  13. Fitzgerald P. J., St Goar F. G., Connolly A. J., Pinto F. J., Billingham M. E., Popp R. L., Yock P. G. Intravascular ultrasound imaging of coronary arteries. Is three layers the norm? Circulation. 1992 Jul;86(1):154–158. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.86.1.154. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  14. Fitzgerald P. J., Yock P. G. Mechanisms and outcomes of angioplasty and atherectomy assessed by intravascular ultrasound imaging. J Clin Ultrasound. 1993 Nov-Dec;21(9):579–588. doi: 10.1002/jcu.1870210905. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  15. Frimerman A., Miller H. I., Hallman M., Laniado S., Keren G. Intravascular ultrasound characterization of thrombi of different composition. Am J Cardiol. 1994 Jun 1;73(15):1053–1057. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90282-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  16. Ge J., Erbel R., Rupprecht H. J., Koch L., Kearney P., Görge G., Haude M., Meyer J. Comparison of intravascular ultrasound and angiography in the assessment of myocardial bridging. Circulation. 1994 Apr;89(4):1725–1732. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.89.4.1725. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  17. Ge J., Erbel R., Zamorano J., Koch L., Kearney P., Görge G., Gerber T., Meyer J. Coronary artery remodeling in atherosclerotic disease: an intravascular ultrasonic study in vivo. Coron Artery Dis. 1993 Nov;4(11):981–986. doi: 10.1097/00019501-199311000-00005. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  18. Gerber T. C., Erbel R., Görge G., Ge J., Rupprecht H. J., Meyer J. Classification of morphologic effects of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty assessed by intravascular ultrasound. Am J Cardiol. 1992 Dec 15;70(20):1546–1554. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(92)90455-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  19. Gerber T. C., Erbel R., Görge G., Ge J., Rupprecht H. J., Meyer J. Extent of atherosclerosis and remodeling of the left main coronary artery determined by intravascular ultrasound. Am J Cardiol. 1994 Apr 1;73(9):666–671. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90931-8. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  20. Glagov S., Weisenberg E., Zarins C. K., Stankunavicius R., Kolettis G. J. Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries. N Engl J Med. 1987 May 28;316(22):1371–1375. doi: 10.1056/NEJM198705283162204. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  21. Gussenhoven E. J., Essed C. E., Lancée C. T., Mastik F., Frietman P., van Egmond F. C., Reiber J., Bosch H., van Urk H., Roelandt J. Arterial wall characteristics determined by intravascular ultrasound imaging: an in vitro study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1989 Oct;14(4):947–952. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(89)90471-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  22. Hausmann D., Erbel R., Alibelli-Chemarin M. J., Boksch W., Caracciolo E., Cohn J. M., Culp S. C., Daniel W. G., De Scheerder I., DiMario C. The safety of intracoronary ultrasound. A multicenter survey of 2207 examinations. Circulation. 1995 Feb 1;91(3):623–630. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.91.3.623. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  23. Hausmann D., Lundkvist A. J., Friedrich G. J., Mullen W. L., Fitzgerald P. J., Yock P. G. Intracoronary ultrasound imaging: intraobserver and interobserver variability of morphometric measurements. Am Heart J. 1994 Oct;128(4):674–680. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(94)90263-1. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  24. Hermans W. R., Rensing B. J., Foley D. P., Deckers J. W., Rutsch W., Emanuelsson H., Danchin N., Wijns W., Chappuis F., Serruys P. W. Therapeutic dissection after successful coronary balloon angioplasty: no influence on restenosis or on clinical outcome in 693 patients. The MERCATOR Study Group (Multicenter European Research Trial with Cilazapril after Angioplasty to prevent Transluminal Coronary Obstruction and Restenosis). J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Oct;20(4):767–780. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90171-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  25. Hermiller J. B., Buller C. E., Tenaglia A. N., Kisslo K. B., Phillips H. R., Bashore T. M., Stack R. S., Davidson C. J. Unrecognized left main coronary artery disease in patients undergoing interventional procedures. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Jan 15;71(2):173–176. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90734-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  26. Hodgson J. M., Reddy K. G., Suneja R., Nair R. N., Lesnefsky E. J., Sheehan H. M. Intracoronary ultrasound imaging: correlation of plaque morphology with angiography, clinical syndrome and procedural results in patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Jan;21(1):35–44. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90714-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  27. Honye J., Mahon D. J., Jain A., White C. J., Ramee S. R., Wallis J. B., al-Zarka A., Tobis J. M. Morphological effects of coronary balloon angioplasty in vivo assessed by intravascular ultrasound imaging. Circulation. 1992 Mar;85(3):1012–1025. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.85.3.1012. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  28. Isner J. M., Rosenfield K., Losordo D. W., Rose L., Langevin R. E., Jr, Razvi S., Kosowsky B. D. Combination balloon-ultrasound imaging catheter for percutaneous transluminal angioplasty. Validation of imaging, analysis of recoil, and identification of plaque fracture. Circulation. 1991 Aug;84(2):739–754. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.84.2.739. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  29. Jain A., Ramee S. R., Mesa J., Collins T. J., White C. J. Intracoronary thrombus: chronic urokinase infusion and evaluation with intravascular ultrasound. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1992 Jul;26(3):212–214. doi: 10.1002/ccd.1810260309. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  30. Kovach J. A., Mintz G. S., Pichard A. D., Kent K. M., Popma J. J., Satler L. F., Leon M. B. Sequential intravascular ultrasound characterization of the mechanisms of rotational atherectomy and adjunct balloon angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Oct;22(4):1024–1032. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90412-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  31. Kuntz R. E., Baim D. S. Defining coronary restenosis. Newer clinical and angiographic paradigms. Circulation. 1993 Sep;88(3):1310–1323. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.88.3.1310. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  32. Laskey W. K., Brady S. T., Kussmaul W. G., Waxler A. R., Krol J., Herrmann H. C., Hirshfeld J. W., Jr, Sehgal C. Intravascular ultrasonographic assessment of the results of coronary artery stenting. Am Heart J. 1993 Jun;125(6):1576–1583. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90743-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  33. Lee D. Y., Eigler N., Fishbein M. C., Bhambi B., Maurer G., Siegel R. J. Identification of intracoronary thrombus and demonstration of thrombectomy by intravascular ultrasound imaging. Am J Cardiol. 1994 Mar 1;73(7):522–523. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90689-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  34. Lee R. T., Loree H. M., Cheng G. C., Lieberman E. H., Jaramillo N., Schoen F. J. Computational structural analysis based on intravascular ultrasound imaging before in vitro angioplasty: prediction of plaque fracture locations. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Mar 1;21(3):777–782. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90112-e. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  35. Losordo D. W., Rosenfield K., Pieczek A., Baker K., Harding M., Isner J. M. How does angioplasty work? Serial analysis of human iliac arteries using intravascular ultrasound. Circulation. 1992 Dec;86(6):1845–1858. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.86.6.1845. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  36. MacDonald R. G., Barbieri E., Feldman R. L., Pepine C. J. Angiographic morphology of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol. 1987 Jul 1;60(1):50–54. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(87)90983-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  37. Mills R. M., Jr, Billett J. M., Nichols W. W. Endothelial dysfunction early after heart transplantation. Assessment with intravascular ultrasound and Doppler. Circulation. 1992 Oct;86(4):1171–1174. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.86.4.1171. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  38. Mintz G. S., Douek P., Pichard A. D., Kent K. M., Satler L. F., Popma J. J., Leon M. B. Target lesion calcification in coronary artery disease: an intravascular ultrasound study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Nov 1;20(5):1149–1155. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90371-s. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  39. Mintz G. S., Pichard A. D., Kovach J. A., Kent K. M., Satler L. F., Javier S. P., Popma J. J., Leon M. B. Impact of preintervention intravascular ultrasound imaging on transcatheter treatment strategies in coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 1994 Mar 1;73(7):423–430. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(94)90670-x. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  40. Mintz G. S., Potkin B. N., Keren G., Satler L. F., Pichard A. D., Kent K. M., Popma J. J., Leon M. B. Intravascular ultrasound evaluation of the effect of rotational atherectomy in obstructive atherosclerotic coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1992 Nov;86(5):1383–1393. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.86.5.1383. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  41. Moriuchi M., Gordon I. L., Bergman A., Griffith J., Tobis J. M. Anatomic and functional assessment of stenosis severity with intravascular ultrasound imaging in vitro. Am J Card Imaging. 1992 Jun;6(2):109–116. [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  42. Nakamura S., Colombo A., Gaglione A., Almagor Y., Goldberg S. L., Maiello L., Finci L., Tobis J. M. Intracoronary ultrasound observations during stent implantation. Circulation. 1994 May;89(5):2026–2034. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.89.5.2026. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  43. Nishimura R. A., Edwards W. D., Warnes C. A., Reeder G. S., Holmes D. R., Jr, Tajik A. J., Yock P. G. Intravascular ultrasound imaging: in vitro validation and pathologic correlation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1990 Jul;16(1):145–154. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(90)90472-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  44. Nissen S. E., Grines C. L., Gurley J. C., Sublett K., Haynie D., Diaz C., Booth D. C., DeMaria A. N. Application of a new phased-array ultrasound imaging catheter in the assessment of vascular dimensions. In vivo comparison to cineangiography. Circulation. 1990 Feb;81(2):660–666. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.81.2.660. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  45. Nissen S. E., Gurley J. C., Grines C. L., Booth D. C., McClure R., Berk M., Fischer C., DeMaria A. N. Intravascular ultrasound assessment of lumen size and wall morphology in normal subjects and patients with coronary artery disease. Circulation. 1991 Sep;84(3):1087–1099. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.84.3.1087. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  46. Pandian N. G., Kreis A., Brockway B. Detection of intraarterial thrombus by intravascular high frequency two-dimensional ultrasound imaging in vitro and in vivo studies. Am J Cardiol. 1990 May 15;65(18):1280–1283. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(90)90994-c. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  47. Peters R. J., Kok W. E., Havenith M. G., Rijsterborgh H., van der Wal A. C., Visser C. A. Histopathologic validation of intracoronary ultrasound imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 1994 May-Jun;7(3 Pt 1):230–241. doi: 10.1016/s0894-7317(14)80393-3. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  48. Pflugfelder P. W., Boughner D. R., Rudas L., Kostuk W. J. Enhanced detection of cardiac allograft arterial disease with intracoronary ultrasonographic imaging. Am Heart J. 1993 Jun;125(6):1583–1591. doi: 10.1016/0002-8703(93)90744-t. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  49. Pignoli P., Tremoli E., Poli A., Oreste P., Paoletti R. Intimal plus medial thickness of the arterial wall: a direct measurement with ultrasound imaging. Circulation. 1986 Dec;74(6):1399–1406. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.74.6.1399. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  50. Pinto F. J., St Goar F. G., Fischell T. A., Stadius M. L., Valantine H. A., Alderman E. L., Popp R. L. Nitroglycerin-induced coronary vasodilation in cardiac transplant recipients. Evaluation with in vivo intracoronary ultrasound. Circulation. 1992 Jan;85(1):69–77. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.85.1.69. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  51. Pinto F. J., St Goar F. G., Gao S. Z., Chenzbraun A., Fischell T. A., Alderman E. L., Schroeder J. S., Popp R. L. Immediate and one-year safety of intracoronary ultrasonic imaging. Evaluation with serial quantitative angiography. Circulation. 1993 Oct;88(4 Pt 1):1709–1714. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.88.4.1709. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  52. Porter T. R., Radio S. J., Anderson J. A., Michels A., Xie F. Composition of coronary atherosclerotic plaque in the intima and media affects intravascular ultrasound measurements of intimal thickness. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994 Apr;23(5):1079–1084. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(94)90594-0. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  53. Porter T. R., Sears T., Xie F., Michels A., Mata J., Welsh D., Shurmur S. Intravascular ultrasound study of angiographically mildly diseased coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Dec;22(7):1858–1865. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90770-2. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  54. Potkin B. N., Bartorelli A. L., Gessert J. M., Neville R. F., Almagor Y., Roberts W. C., Leon M. B. Coronary artery imaging with intravascular high-frequency ultrasound. Circulation. 1990 May;81(5):1575–1585. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.81.5.1575. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  55. Potkin B. N., Keren G., Mintz G. S., Douek P. C., Pichard A. D., Satler L. F., Kent K. M., Leon M. B. Arterial responses to balloon coronary angioplasty: an intravascular ultrasound study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Oct;20(4):942–951. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90197-u. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  56. Reddy K. G., Suneja R., Nair R. N., Dhawale P., Hodgson J. M. Measurement by intracoronary ultrasound of in vivo arterial distensibility within atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Cardiol. 1993 Dec 1;72(17):1232–1237. doi: 10.1016/0002-9149(93)90289-o. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  57. Siegel R. J., Ariani M., Fishbein M. C., Chae J. S., Park J. C., Maurer G., Forrester J. S. Histopathologic validation of angioscopy and intravascular ultrasound. Circulation. 1991 Jul;84(1):109–117. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.84.1.109. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  58. St Goar F. G., Pinto F. J., Alderman E. L., Fitzgerald P. J., Stadius M. L., Popp R. L. Intravascular ultrasound imaging of angiographically normal coronary arteries: an in vivo comparison with quantitative angiography. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991 Oct;18(4):952–958. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(91)90753-v. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  59. Sudhir K., MacGregor J. S., Barbant S. D., Foster E., Fitzgerald P. J., Chatterjee K., Yock P. G. Assessment of coronary conductance and resistance vessel reactivity in response to nitroglycerin, ergonovine and adenosine: in vivo studies with simultaneous intravascular two-dimensional and Doppler ultrasound. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Apr;21(5):1261–1268. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90255-y. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  60. Suárez de Lezo J., Romero M., Medina A., Pan M., Pavlovic D., Vaamonde R., Hernández E., Melián F., López Rubio F., Marrero J. Intracoronary ultrasound assessment of directional coronary atherectomy: immediate and follow-up findings. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1993 Feb;21(2):298–307. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(93)90667-p. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  61. Tenaglia A. N., Buller C. E., Kisslo K. B., Phillips H. R., Stack R. S., Davidson C. J. Intracoronary ultrasound predictors of adverse outcomes after coronary artery interventions. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992 Nov 15;20(6):1385–1390. doi: 10.1016/0735-1097(92)90252-i. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  62. Tobis J. M., Mallery J. A., Gessert J., Griffith J., Mahon D., Bessen M., Moriuchi M., McLeay L., McRae M., Henry W. L. Intravascular ultrasound cross-sectional arterial imaging before and after balloon angioplasty in vitro. Circulation. 1989 Oct;80(4):873–882. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.80.4.873. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  63. Tobis J. M., Mallery J., Mahon D., Lehmann K., Zalesky P., Griffith J., Gessert J., Moriuchi M., McRae M., Dwyer M. L. Intravascular ultrasound imaging of human coronary arteries in vivo. Analysis of tissue characterizations with comparison to in vitro histological specimens. Circulation. 1991 Mar;83(3):913–926. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.83.3.913. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  64. Waller B. F. The eccentric coronary atherosclerotic plaque: morphologic observations and clinical relevance. Clin Cardiol. 1989 Jan;12(1):14–20. doi: 10.1002/clc.4960120103. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  65. White C. J., Ramee S. R., Collins T. J., Jain A., Mesa J. E. Ambiguous coronary angiography: clinical utility of intravascular ultrasound. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn. 1992 Jul;26(3):200–203. doi: 10.1002/ccd.1810260307. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]
  66. Zamorano J., Erbel R., Ge J., Görge G., Kearney P., Koch L., Scholte A., Meyer J. Spontaneous plaque rupture visualized by intravascular ultrasound. Eur Heart J. 1994 Jan;15(1):131–133. doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060365. [DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar]

Articles from British Heart Journal are provided here courtesy of BMJ Publishing Group

RESOURCES