Table 2.
Mean intake of energy and nutrients from food, beverages and supplements of children in the Gemini twin sample (n 2336) and comparisons with the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) (n 386) (Mean values with their standard errors)
| Gemini (21 months) | NDNS† (18–36 months) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dietary Intake | Mean | se | Mean | se | P ‡ |
| Daily energy intake (kJ) | 4330* | 67 | 4728* | 64 | 0·001* |
| Fat (g/d) | 42 | 0·2 | 43 | 0·8 | 0·46 |
| Fat (%E) | 37* | 0·1 | 34* | 0·3 | 0·001* |
| SFA (g/d) | 20 | 0·1 | 19 | 0·4 | 0·225 |
| SFA (%E) | 18* | 0·1 | 15* | 0·2 | <0·001* |
| Protein (g/d) | 40 | 0·2 | 43 | 0·6 | 0·07 |
| Protein (%E) | 12* | 0·04 | 15* | 0·1 | <0·001* |
| Carbohydrate (g/d) | 132* | 0·6 | 152* | 2·1 | <0·001* |
| Carbohydrate (%E) | 51 | 0·1 | 51 | 0·3 | 0·05 |
| Starch | 62* | 0·4 | 77* | 1·2 | <0·001* |
| Starch (%E) | 24 | 0·1 | 26 | 0·4 | 0·63 |
| Total sugars (g/d)§ | 69* | 0·4 | 75* | 1·6 | <0·001* |
| Total sugars (%E)§ | 27 | 0·1 | 25 | 0·4 | 0·17 |
| Dietary fibre as NSP (g/d) | 8 | 0·1 | 8 | 0·2 | 0·90 |
| Na (mg/d) | 1148 | 7·0 | 1318 | 24 | 0·51 |
| Vitamin C (mg/d) | 60 | 0·6 | 73 | 3·3 | 0·01 |
| Thiamin (mg/d) | 0·9 | 0·01 | 1·0 | 0·1 | 0·86 |
| Riboflavin (mg/d) | 1·7 | 0·01 | 1·4 | 0·03 | 0·02 |
| Niacin (mg/d) | 9·8* | 0·1 | 19·5* | 0·3 | <0·001* |
| Folate (µg DFE/d) | 159 | 0·9 | 150 | 2·6 | 0·13 |
| Vitamin B12 (µg/d) | 4·2 | 0·03 | 3·9 | 0·1 | 0·77 |
| Ca (mg/d) | 842 | 4·8 | 774 | 15·3 | 0·29 |
| Vitamin D (µg/d) | 2·3 | 0·1 | 2·2 | 0·1 | 0·51 |
| Vitamin A (µg RAE/d) | 551 | 5·9 | 568 | 18·9 | 0·64 |
| Fe (mg/d) | 6·4 | 0·1 | 6·4 | 0·1 | 0·82 |
%E, percentage of daily energy intake; DFE, dietary folate equivalent; RAE, retinol activity equivalent.
* Significant differences: P<0·05.
NDNS data are weighted to account for potential differences in the probability of households and individuals being selected to take part and the potential influence of non-response bias.
P-value for differences between the Gemini cohort and NDNS on dietary intake variables. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity and socio-economic status.
Data on sugar components (non-milk extrinsic sugars and intrinsic milk sugars) were not available as they were not requested at the time the Human Nutrition Research Unit (Cambridge) coded the dietary data.