Table 2.
The overall prevalence, awareness, treatment and control of hypertension according to selected population characteristics
| Hypertension | Awareness among hypertensive participants | Treatment among hypertensive participants | Treatment among hypertensive participants who were aware | Control among hypertensive participants | Control among hypertensive participants who were aware | Control among treated participants | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N=5409 | N=2837 | N=2022 | N= 2022 | N=861 | N=861 | N=621 | |
| Prevalence (95% Confidence Interval) | |||||||
| Overall | 47.9 (47.0- 49.0) | 53.2 (51.9-54.5) | 38.2 (36.9 -39.5) | 72.3 (70.6 – 73.9) | 15.9 (14.9-16.9) | 30.3 (28.7 – 32.0) | 30.7 (28.7 -32.7) |
| Location | |||||||
| Urban | 44.9 (43.6 – 46.2) | 54.1 (52.2 – 56.1) | 42.0 (40.1 – 43.9) | 78.4 (76.2 – 80.6) | 18.9 (17.4 – 20.4) | 35.6 (33.1 – 38.1) | 36.5 (33.7 – 39.4) |
| Rural | 51.2 (49.8 – 52.4) | 52.3 (50.5 – 54.2) | 34.7 (32.9 – 36.4) | 66.4 (63.9 – 68.8) | 13.1 (11.8 – 14.4) | 25.2 (22.9 – 27.5) | 24.2 (21.4 – 26.9) |
| P-value | < 0.001* | 0.190 | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | < 0.001* | <0.001* |
| Gender | |||||||
| Male | 50.9 (49.5 – 52.3) | 49.5 (47.6 – 51.5) | 35.9 (34.0 – 37.8) | 73.0 (70.5 – 75.5) | 14.2 (12.8 – 15.5) | 29.0 (26.5 – 31.6) | 30.4 (27.3 – 33.4) |
| Female | 45.6 (44.3 – 46.8) | 56.4 (54.6 -58.2) | 40.2 (38.4 – 42.0) | 71.7 (69.5 – 73.9) | 17.4 (16.1 – 18.8) | 31.3 (29.1 – 33.6) | 31.0 (28.3 – 33.7) |
| P-value | <0.001* | <0.001* | 0.001* | 0.428 | 0.001 * | 0.185 | 0.757 |
| Age (years) | |||||||
| 30-39 | 19.1 (16.9 – 21.3) | 35.3 (29.2 – 41.4) | 19.6 (14.5 – 24.7) | 55.4 (44.7 – 66.2) | 13.1 (8.8 – 17.5) | 37.3 (26.9 – 47.8) | 37.0 (22.8 – 51.1) |
| 40-49 | 35.7 (34.0 – 37.3) | 48.0 (45.1 – 50.9) | 29.5 (26.9 – 32.1) | 61.8 (57.8 – 65.9) | 17.1 (14.9 – 19.2) | 36.0 (32.0 – 40.0) | 33.9 (28.9 – 38.9) |
| 50-59 | 51.6 (49.9 – 53.2) | 53.2 (50.9 – 55.5) | 39.1 (36.9 – 41.4) | 74.1 (71.3 – 76.8) | 16.2 (14.5 – 17.9) | 30.7 (27.8 – 33.6) | 31.9 (28.5 – 35.3) |
| ≥ 60 | 68.2 (66.6 – 69.8) | 58.1 (56.1 – 60.3) | 44.4 (42.3 – 46.6) | 76.8 (74.4 – 79.2) | 15.4 (13.8 – 16.9) | 26.9 (24.5 – 29.5) | 28.3 (25.3 – 31.2) |
| P-value | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | <0.001* | 0.373 | 0.001* | 0.137 |
| Ethnic Group | |||||||
| Malays | 48.3 (47.2 – 49.3) | 55.8 (54.2 -57.3) | 40.4 (38.9 – 42.0) | 73.0 (71.2 – 74.9) | 16.1 (15.0 -17.3) | 29.3 (27.4 – 31.3) | 29.4 (27.2 -31.7) |
| Chinese | 47.5 (44.7 – 50.3) | 52.3 (48.2 – 56.4) | 43.6 (39.5 – 47.7) | 83.4 (79.2 – 87.7) | 16.3 (13.3 – 19.3) | 31.8 (26.4 – 37.1) | 32.4 (26.5 – 38.2) |
| Indians | 44.9 (39.6 – 50.4) | 51.4 (43.2 – 59.5) | 40.4 (32.4 – 48.4) | 78.7 (69.3 – 88.0) | 21.8 (15.1 – 28.5) | 42.7 (31.4 – 53.9) | 45.8 (32.9 – 58.6) |
| Indigenous | 47.0 (44.5 – 49.5) | 40.4 (36.8 – 44.0) | 21.6 (18.6 – 24.6) | 53.6 (47.9 – 59.3) | 13.2 (10.8 – 15.7) | 33.2 (27.8 – 38.6) | 35.3 (27.7 – 42.8) |
| P-value | 0.546 | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | 0.048* | 0.050 | 0.025* |
| Education attainment | |||||||
| No formal education | 57.3 (54.9 – 59.8) | 51.2 (48.0 – 54.5) | 33.6 (30.4 – 36.7) | 65.6 (61.3 -70.0) | 14.3 (11.8 – 16.3) | 27.5 (23.4 – 31.5) | 29.0 (23.9 – 34.1) |
| Primary | 58.7 (56.9 – 60.6) | 58.2 (55.8 – 60.6) | 42.7 (40.3 – 45.1) | 73.7 (70.9 – 76.6) | 14.7 (13.0 – 16.4) | 25.3 (22.5 – 28.1) | 25.9 (22.6 – 29.1) |
| Secondary | 45.1 (43.5 – 46.6) | 50.7 (48.3 – 53.0) | 37.1 (34.8 – 39.4) | 73.8 (70.9 – 76.7) | 16.2 (14.5 – 17.9) | 32.1 (29.1 – 35.2) | 30.8 (27.3 – 34.4) |
| Tertiary | 39.1 (36.9 – 41.2) | 52.1 (48.6 – 55.7) | 38.0 (34.5 – 41.4) | 73.0 (68.6 -77.4) | 21.2 (18.3 -24.1) | 40.8 (36.0 – 45.6) | 42.5 (36.8 – 48.1) |
| P-value | <0.001* | <0.001* | <0.001* | 0.007* | <0.001* | < 0.001* | <0.001* |
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Never smoke | 49.5 (48.4 – 50.6) | 53.5 (52.0 – 55.1) | 39.2 (37.6 – 40.7) | 73.7 (71.8 – 75.6) | 16.0 (14.8 – 17.1) | 29.9 (28.0 – 31.9) | 30.1 (27.8 – 32.4) |
| Current smoker | 42.3 (39.7 – 45.0) | 48.0 (43.9 – 52.1) | 30.1 (26.4 – 33.9) | 63.1 (57.4 - 68.9) | 14.0 (11.2 – 16.8) | 29.2 (23.9 – 34.6) | 28.9 (22.1 – 35.7) |
| Ex-smoker | 58.3 (55.5 – 61.0) | 55.3 (51.6 – 58.9) | 39.2 (35.6 – 42.8) | 71.1 (66.6 -75.6) | 17.7 (14.9 – 20.5) | 32.1 (27.4 – 36.7) | 34.2 (28.6 – 39.8) |
| P-value | <0.001* | 0.022* | <0.001* | <0.001* | 0.199 | 0.656 | 0.356 |
| Body Mass Index | |||||||
| Normal | 39.3 (37.4 – 41.2) | 46.7 (43.5 – 49.8) | 30.2 (27.3 – 33.1) | 65.1 (60.6 -69.5) | 15.0 (12.8 – 17.3) | 32.7 (28.3 – 37.0) | 32.2 (26.8 – 37.6) |
| Underweight | 31.4 (26.8 – 36.0) | 37.0 (28.3 – 45.7) | 20.2 (12.9 – 27.4) | 54.4 (39.7 -69.4) | 11.4 (5.7 – 17.0) | 31.8 (17.9 – 45.7) | 29.2 (10.6 – 47.8) |
| Overweight | 48.6 (47.1 – 50.1) | 50.4 (48.3 – 52.7) | 36.1 (34.0 – 38.2) | 72.1 (69.3 – 74.9) | 15.8 (14.2 – 17.4) | 31.8 (28.9 – 34.7) | 31.6 (28.2 – 35.0) |
| Obese | 60.6 (59.0 – 62.2) | 59.5 (57.4 – 61.6) | 44.6 (42.6 – 46.8) | 75.4 (73.0 – 77.7) | 16.4 (14.8 – 17.9) | 27.8 (25.4 – 30.2) | 29.1 (26.2 – 31.9) |
| P-value | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | < 0.001* | 0.426 | 0.108 | 0.627 |
* significant at p < 0.05