Table 1.
Participant characteristics by baseline diabetes and HbA1c category: the ARIC study, visit 2 (1990–1992)
| No history of diagnosed diabetes |
Diagnosed diabetes |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HbA1c <5.7% | HbA1c 5.7 to <6.5%: prediabetes | HbA1c ≥6.5%: undiagnosed diabetes | HbA1c <7.0% | HbA1c ≥7.0% | |
| n | 9,267 | 2,441 | 553 | 422 | 839 |
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 56.5 (5.7) | 58.0 (5.7) | 57.8 (5.7) | 58.5 (5.7) | 58.4 (5.7) |
| Female, % | 56.1 | 52.5 | 58.2 | 53.6 | 57.7 |
| Race, % | |||||
| White | 84.4 | 60.1 | 49.6 | 66.1 | 51.3 |
| Black | 15.6 | 39.9 | 50.5 | 33.9 | 48.8 |
| Education, % | |||||
| <High school | 16.4 | 30.3 | 34.5 | 35.6 | 37.4 |
| High school, GED, or vocational school | 43.3 | 38.6 | 35.4 | 38.2 | 37.9 |
| College, graduate, or professional school | 40.3 | 31.1 | 30.0 | 27.3 | 24.7 |
| Income ($), % | |||||
| <35,000/year | 44.9 | 60.8 | 65.6 | 66.8 | 70.0 |
| ≥35,000/year | 49.6 | 33.3 | 26.4 | 27.0 | 23.8 |
| Not reported | 5.5 | 6.0 | 8.0 | 6.2 | 6.2 |
| Health insurance, % | 93.7 | 88.5 | 82.5 | 88.2 | 85.3 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥2, % | 34.7 | 45.5 | 45.9 | 53.1 | 52.1 |
| Smoking status, % | |||||
| Never | 40.7 | 34.3 | 38.9 | 38.9 | 45.7 |
| Former | 38.6 | 36.1 | 37.3 | 37.7 | 37.7 |
| Current | 20.7 | 29.6 | 23.9 | 23.5 | 16.7 |
| Alcohol consumption, % | |||||
| Never | 20.4 | 24.4 | 30.0 | 26.5 | 33.3 |
| Former | 17.2 | 26.1 | 28.9 | 33.4 | 36.8 |
| Current | 62.5 | 49.5 | 41.1 | 40.1 | 29.9 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 27.0 (4.8) | 29.2 (5.8) | 32.4 (6.1) | 29.9 (5.9) | 31.4 (6.0) |
| Hypertension, % | 28.9 | 44.2 | 57.0 | 54.8 | 63.1 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 119.4 (18.1) | 124.5 (19.1) | 128.1 (17.7) | 127.2 (20.7) | 128.4 (20.3) |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg), mean (SD) | 71.8 (10.2) | 73.3 (10.2) | 74.2 (10.4) | 71.2 (10.2) | 71.0 (10.4) |
| Hypertension medication use, % | 25.8 | 41.7 | 57.0 | 54.8 | 63.1 |
| Coronary heart disease, % | 4.5 | 7.1 | 6.5 | 10.7 | 14.9 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 207.6 (38.0) | 213.3 (39.9) | 217.6 (42.1) | 206.3 (40.0) | 217.8 (49.4) |
| HDL cholesterol (mg/dL), mean (SD) | 51.4 (17.2) | 46.9 (14.9) | 42.9 (13.8) | 44.8 (14.6) | 42.4 (14.4) |
| Cholesterol medication use, % | 5.6 | 7.1 | 7.6 | 10.7 | 11.7 |
| Estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m2, % | 1.4 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 6.9 | 6.8 |
| Mortality by end of follow-up, % | 23.7 | 38.8 | 42.7 | 48.6 | 63.4 |