Table 2.
HR for any-CVD and for MACE per unit change in each time-dependent covariate with no other adjustments, and an indication of the type of covariate used in the analysis
| Any-CVD |
MACE |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Type* | HR | 95% CI | P value | HR | 95% CI | P value | |
| Demographic | |||||||
| Physical | |||||||
| Age (years) | C | 1.091 | 1.066, 1.116 | <0.0001 | 1.112 | 1.074, 1.151 | <0.0001 |
| Weight men (kg) | C | 1 | 0.987, 1.014 | 0.954 | 0.984 | 0.964, 1.004 | 0.1092 |
| Weight women (kg) | C | 1.009 | 0.995, 1.022 | 0.1956 | 1.008 | 0.988, 1.028 | 0.4519 |
| Mean BMI (kg/m2) | M | 1.04 | 1, 1.081 | 0.0486 | 1.009 | 0.952, 1.069 | 0.758 |
| BMI men (kg/m2) | C | 1.01 | 0.967, 1.055 | 0.6557 | 0.966 | 0.903, 1.034 | 0.3216 |
| BMI women (kg/m2) | C | 1.024 | 0.985, 1.064 | 0.2303 | 1.019 | 0.962, 1.08 | 0.5147 |
| Behavioral | |||||||
| Smoking (yes vs. no) | C | 1.529 | 1.076, 2.173 | 0.0179 | 2.247 | 1.411, 3.579 | 0.0007 |
| Alcohol (% occasional or regular vs. nondrinker) | C | 0.86 | 0.727, 1.018 | 0.0797 | 0.783 | 0.608, 1.007 | 0.0568 |
| Exercise (% moderate or strenuous vs. sedentary) | C | 0.914 | 0.707, 1.181 | 0.4898 | 0.979 | 0.676, 1.416 | 0.909 |
| Traditional | |||||||
| Blood pressure | C | ||||||
| Systolic (mmHg) | C | 1.027 | 1.018, 1.037 | <0.0001 | 1.034 | 1.022, 1.046 | <0.0001 |
| Mean systolic (mmHg) | M | 1.061 | 1.043, 1.078 | <0.0001 | 1.071 | 1.046, 1.096 | <0.0001 |
| Diastolic (mmHg) | C | 1.009 | 0.993, 1.025 | 0.2721 | 1.01 | 0.987, 1.034 | 0.3842 |
| Mean diastolic (mmHg) | M | 1.055 | 1.028, 1.083 | 0.0001 | 1.044 | 1.005, 1.085 | 0.027 |
| Pulse pressure (mmHg) | C | 1.036 | 1.025, 1.047 | <0.0001 | 1.045 | 1.03, 1.059 | <0.0001 |
| Hypertension (yes vs. no) | C | 2.01 | 1.448, 2.79 | <0.0001 | 2.198 | 1.348, 3.586 | 0.0016 |
| Any hypertension (yes vs. no) | A | 2.308 | 1.583, 3.365 | <0.0001 | 2.291 | 1.303, 4.027 | 0.004 |
| Pulse rate (bpm) | C | 1.021 | 1.008, 1.034 | 0.0012 | 1.029 | 1.011, 1.048 | 0.0016 |
| Mean pulse rate (bpm) | M | 1.057 | 1.036, 1.078 | <0.0001 | 1.074 | 1.044, 1.106 | <0.0001 |
| Medications | |||||||
| ACE inhibitor (yes vs. no) | C | 1.092 | 0.782, 1.523 | 0.6062 | 0.945 | 0.583, 1.533 | 0.8191 |
| ARB (yes vs. no) | C | 1.421 | 0.878, 2.3 | 0.1523 | 1.024 | 0.486, 2.158 | 0.9495 |
| β-Blockers (yes vs. no) | C | 1.827 | 1.002, 3.333 | 0.0493 | 2.796 | 1.441, 5.424 | 0.0024 |
| Calcium channel blockers (yes vs. no) | C | 2.84 | 1.801, 4.478 | <0.0001 | 2.385 | 1.216, 4.68 | 0.0115 |
| Lipid lowering (yes vs. no) | C | 1.401 | 0.991, 1.98 | 0.056 | 1.141 | 0.696, 1.872 | 0.6006 |
| Lipids (mg/dL) | |||||||
| Total cholesterol | C | 1.01 | 1.007, 1.014 | <0.0001 | 1.011 | 1.007, 1.016 | <0.0001 |
| Mean total cholesterol | M | 1.018 | 1.013, 1.023 | <0.0001 | 1.018 | 1.011, 1.025 | <0.0001 |
| Triglycerides (log) | C | 2.133 | 1.674, 2.719 | <0.0001 | 2.522 | 1.807, 3.518 | <0.0001 |
| Mean triglycerides (log) | M | 2.458 | 1.786, 3.382 | <0.0001 | 2.923 | 1.87, 4.568 | <0.0001 |
| HDLc | C | 0.995 | 0.986, 1.005 | 0.3191 | 0.984 | 0.97, 0.999 | 0.0323 |
| Mean HDLc | M | 0.989 | 0.977, 1.001 | 0.0847 | 0.983 | 0.965, 1.002 | 0.0754 |
| LDLc | C | 1.011 | 1.006, 1.015 | <0.0001 | 1.014 | 1.008, 1.019 | <0.0001 |
| Mean LDLc | M | 1.019 | 1.014, 1.025 | <0.0001 | 1.02 | 1.012, 1.029 | <0.0001 |
| Hyperlipidemia (yes vs. no) | C | 1.767 | 1.3, 2.401 | 0.0003 | 1.647 | 1.055, 2.571 | 0.0282 |
| Diabetes-related | |||||||
| History | |||||||
| Insulin dose (units/kg/day) | C | 1.595 | 1.095, 2.325 | 0.0151 | 1.363 | 0.694, 2.678 | 0.3691 |
| Mean insulin dose (units/kg/day) | M | 1.674 | 0.797, 3.516 | 0.174 | 1.296 | 0.433, 3.874 | 0.6431 |
| Estimated glucose disposal rate | C | 0.819 | 0.761, 0.882 | <0.0001 | 0.763 | 0.683, 0.853 | <0.0001 |
| Nephropathy | |||||||
| Estimated GFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2) | C | 0.985 | 0.978, 0.991 | <0.0001 | 0.978 | 0.971, 0.986 | <0.0001 |
| Estimated GFR <60 (yes vs. no) | C | 2.479 | 1.332, 4.613 | 0.0042 | 4.356 | 2.21, 8.586 | <0.0001 |
| Any estimated GFR <60 (yes vs. no) | A | 2.529 | 1.472, 4.346 | 0.0008 | 3.949 | 2.099, 7.429 | <0.0001 |
| AER (mg/24 h) (log) | C | 1.229 | 1.133, 1.334 | <0.0001 | 1.283 | 1.151, 1.431 | <0.0001 |
| Sustained AER ≥30 mg/dL (yes vs. no) | C | 1.8 | 1.278, 2.535 | 0.0008 | 1.916 | 1.18, 3.109 | 0.0085 |
| AER ≥40 mg/dL (yes vs. no) | C | 1.891 | 1.346, 2.656 | 0.0002 | 2.171 | 1.355, 3.478 | 0.0013 |
| AER ≥300 mg/dL (yes vs. no) | C | 2.312 | 1.434, 3.728 | 0.0006 | 3.028 | 1.64, 5.593 | 0.0004 |
| Any AER ≥40 mg/dL (yes vs. no) | A | 1.768 | 1.316, 2.374 | 0.0002 | 1.729 | 1.127, 2.654 | 0.0122 |
| Any AER ≥300 mg/dL (yes vs. no) | A | 1.958 | 1.287, 2.978 | 0.0017 | 3.072 | 1.834, 5.148 | <0.0001 |
| Hypoglycemia | |||||||
| Coma/seizure (yes vs. no) | C | 0.972 | 0.812, 1.163 | 0.7542 | 1.021 | 0.835, 1.248 | 0.8379 |
| Requiring assistance (yes vs. no) | C | 1.002 | 0.93, 1.079 | 0.9626 | 1.005 | 0.905, 1.114 | 0.9319 |
| Glycemia | |||||||
| HbA1c (%) | C | 1.241 | 1.129, 1.364 | <0.0001 | 1.297 | 1.139, 1.478 | 0.0001 |
| Mean HbA1c (%) | M | 1.382 | 1.231, 1.551 | <0.0001 | 1.539 | 1.309, 1.808 | <0.0001 |
ARB, angiotensin receptor blockers.
*Categories C (current or most recent), M (updated mean value), and A (cumulative incidence, such as any use) correspond to time-dependent covariates assessed or measured at or most recently before each event time or right censoring time (i.e., at the most recent visit up to the particular time).