Table 2.

Strabismus Prevalence and Subtypes by Ethnicity

	Hispanic/Latino (n = 3003)	African American (n = 3005)
Prevalence (%) (95% confidence interval) (n)
Any*†	2.4 (1.9–3.0) (73)	2.5 (2.0–3.1) (76)
Exotropia	1.5 (1.0–1.9) (44)	1.4 (0.9–1.8) (41)
Esotropia	0.9 (0.5–1.2) (26)	1.1 (0.7–1.5) (33)
Strabismus type at distance [n (%)]*
Intermittent exotropia	16 (21.9)	24 (31.6)
Constant exotropia	12 (16.4)	8 (10.5)
Intermittent esotropia	5 (6.8)	11 (14.5)
Constant esotropia	17 (23.3)	17 (22.4)
Strabismus identified only at near‡	20 (27.4)	15 (19.7)
Strabismus type at near [n (%)]*†§
Intermittent exotropia	18 (24.7)	22 (28.9)
Constant exotropia	10 (13.7)	4 (5.3)
Intermittent esotropia	5 (6.8)	9 (11.8)
Constant esotropia	20 (27.4)	19 (25.0)
Strabismus identified only at distance‡	16 (21.9)	20 (26.3)
Strabismus magnitude at distance* (horizontal SPCT) [n (%)]
1–9 PD	3 (4.1)	10 (13.2)
10–30 PD	34 (46.6)	34 (44.7)
>30 PD	6 (8.2)	9 (11.8)
Unable to measure	7 (9.6)	7 (9.2)
Strabismus identified only at near‡	20 (27.4)	15 (19.7)
Strabismus magnitude at near* (Horizontal SPCT) [n (%)]
1–9 PD	5 (6.8)	5 (6.6)
10–30 PD	33 (45.2)	33 (43.2)
>30 PD	7 (9.6)	11 (14.5)
Unable to measure	9 (12.3)	6 (7.9)
Strabismus identified only at distance‡	16 (21.9)	20 (26.3)

PD = prism diopters; SPCT = simultaneous prism and cover test.

^*Three Hispanic children and 1 African American child had a purely or primarily vertical strabismus.

^†One African American child with bilateral aphakia had a deviation that varied from exotropia to esotropia.

^‡These strabismic children were nonstrabismic at one of the fixation distances tested or could be evaluated only at one fixation distance (usually near) due to young age and inattention.

^§One Hispanic child had an exotropia at near that could not be classified as either intermittent or constant.