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. 2015 Nov 4;115(2):868–886. doi: 10.1152/jn.00953.2015

Fig. 1.

Fig. 1.

All syllable types used as stimuli: waveforms (top) and spectrograms (bottom) for 13 representative syllable types previously identified as neutral (E), aggressive (DFMs, UFM, rBNBs, rBNBl, QCF, torQCF, sHFM, sAFM, and sinFM), or appeasing (DFMl, DFMl-QCFl, and DFMl-QCFl-UFM) based on the behavioral context in which they were predominantly observed (Gadziola et al. 2012a). Peak amplitude of all syllables is normalized. The time interval between syllables is for illustrative purposes and does not reflect natural emission rates. Syllable types were named according to acoustic structure (Gadziola et al. 2012a). E, echolocation; DFMs, downward frequency modulation short; UFM, upward frequency modulation; rBNBs, rectangular broadband noise burst short; rBNBl, rectangular broadband noise burst long; QCF, quasi-constant frequency; torQCF, torus quasi-constant frequency; sHFM, single-humped frequency modulation; sAFM, single-arched frequency modulation; sinFM, sinusoidal frequency modulation; DFMl, downward frequency modulation long; DFMl-QCFl, downward frequency modulation long to quasi-constant frequency long; DFMl-QCFl-UFM, downward frequency modulation long to quasi-constant frequency long to upward frequency modulation.