Table 3. Overall cancer mortality and lag time analyses by amount, duration and intensity of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in the Finnish Prostate Cancer Screening Trial during 1996–2012.
| All NSAIDs | Aspirin | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 year excluded | 3 years excluded | 1 year excluded | 3 years excluded | |||
| NSAID use | HR(95%CI)a | HR(95%CI)a | HR(95%CI)a | HR(95%CI)a | HR(95%CI)a | HR(95%CI)a |
| Non-users | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Users | 2.02(1.91–2.15) | 1.74(1.64–1.84) | 0.85(0.80–0.90) | 1.03(0.85–1.26) | 1.32(1.11–1.57) | 1.31(1.12–1.52) |
| Previous users | 1.48(1.37–1.57) | 1.13(1.06–1.20) | 0.69(0.65–0.73) | 1.50(1.32–1.69) | 1.37(1.20–1.56) | 1.04(0.91–1.19) |
| Cumulative quantity of medication useb | ||||||
| DDD quartiles | ||||||
| 1 | 1.15(1.07–1.25) | 1.07(0.99–1.16) | 0.68(0.33–0.73) | 2.19(1.46–3.29) | 1.50(1.16–1.92) | 1.13(0.88–1.44) |
| 2 | 1.50(1.39–1.62) | 1.28(1.19–1.38) | 0.68(0.33–0.73) | 1.55(1.15–2.10) | 1.34(1.13–1.58) | 1.34(1.13–1.58) |
| 3 | 2.38(2.22–2.55) | 1.72(1.60–1.85) | 0.73(0.68–0.79) | 1.60(1.09–2.35) | 1.37(1.11–1.69) | 1.37(1.11–1.69) |
| 4 | 2.22(2.07–2.39) | 1.66(1.54–1.79) | 0.72(0.66–0.77) | 1.62(1.12–2.34) | 1.26(1.02–1.56) | 1.26(1.02–1.56) |
| p for trend (by DDD) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.05 | 0.23 | 0.01 |
| p for trend (by quartiles) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.94 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
| Duration of medication usec | ||||||
| Year quartilesd | ||||||
| 1 | 1.59(1.48–1.70) | 1.34(1.26–1.44) | 0.76(0.71–0.81) | 1.55(1.17–2.05) | 1.30(1.11–1.52) | 1.06(0.91–1.24) |
| 2 | 1.84(1.73–1.97) | 1.43(1.34–1.53) | 0.73(0.68–0.77) | 1.71(1.19–2.47) | 1.49(1.22–1.83) | 1.19(0.97–1.46) |
| 3 | 1.77(1.62–1.93) | 1.43(1.31–1.56) | 0.63(0.57–0.69) | 1.96(1.29–3.00) | 1.25(0.96–1.64) | 1.05(0.80–1.38) |
| 4 | 1.67(1.52–1.84) | 1.33(1.21–1.46) | 0.52(0.47–0.57) | 1.68(1.08–2.63) | 1.38(1.08–1.77) | 0.86(0.66–1.12) |
| p for trend (by year) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.43 | <0.001 |
| p for trend (by quartiles) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.56 | 0.33 | <0.001 |
| Intensity of medication use (DDDs/year)d | ||||||
| Intensity quartile | ||||||
| 1 | 1.13(1.05–1.22) | 1.08(1.00–1.16) | 0.67(0.62–0.72) | 2.19(1.55–3.09) | 1.38(1.10–1.72) | 1.11(0.90–1.38) |
| 2 | 1.31(1.20–1.42) | 1.14(1-05-1.24) | 0.59(0.54–0.64) | 1.76(1.27–2.42) | 1.50(1.26–1.79) | 1.11(0.93–1.34) |
| 3 | 1.83(1.70–1.97) | 1.41(1.31–1.52) | 0.68(0.63–0.73) | 1.23(0.78–1.94) | 1.40(1.12–1.74) | 0.95(0.75–1.19) |
| 4 | 2.78(2.61–2.97) | 2.00(1.87–2.14) | 0.86(0.80–0.92) | 1.54(1.09–2.18) | 1.14(0.92–1.40) | 1.02(0.83–1.25) |
| p for trend (by yearly dose) | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.91 | 0.02 |
| p for trend (by quartiles) | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.65 | 0.75 | <0.001 |
a Hazard ratios of cancer death from Cox regression analysis adjusted for age, use of cholesterol-lowering medication, antihypertensive medication, antidiabetic medication and the screening trial arm.
b Estimated by including cumulative daily dose (DDD) quartiles for NSAID use after randomization: overall NSAID use 1–34 doses(1st quartile), 35–95 doses(2nd quartile), 96–275 doses(3rd quartile), over 275 doses(4th quartile), aspirin 1–3.3 doses(1st quartile), 3.4–10 doses(2nd quartile), 10.1–22.5 doses(3rd quartile), 22.6 of more doses(4th quartile)
c quartiles for duration of NSAID use after randomization: overall NSAID use 1 year(1st quartile), 2 years (2nd quartile), 3 years and 4 (3rd quartile) 5 or over years (4th quartile). Use on aspirin after randomization 1 year (1st quartile), 2 years (2nd quartile), 3 (3rd quartile), 4 or over years (4th quartile).
d Quartile intensity cut-points: Overall NSAID use: 1–20 DDDs/year (1st quartile), 21–35 DDDs/year (2nd quartile), 36–67 DDDs/year (3rd quartile) and 68 DDDs/year or more (4th quartile); Aspirin use: 0.25–3 DDDs/year (1st quartile), 3.25–5 DDDs/year (2nd quartile), 5.25–7 DDDs/year (3rd quartile), over 7 DDDs/year (4th quartile)