Table 2.
Neurobehavioral features of rodent models for Sydenham’s chorea and PANDAS.
| Phenotypes reported for SC/PANDAS models | Hoffman et al. (2004) | Yaddanapudi et al. (2010) | Brimberg et al. (2012) | Lotan et al. (2014) | Macri et al. (2015) | Dileepan et al. (2016) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nuerovascular pathology | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Synapse dysfunction: | ||||||
| – Glutamatergic | – | – | +++ | – | +++ | +++ |
| – Dopaminergic | – | – | +++ | +++ | – | – |
| – Serotonergic | – | – | – | +++ | ++ | – |
|
| ||||||
| Neurovascular dysfunction | No artificial opening of BBB (peri-capillary IgG deposition in DCN) | Artificial opening of BBB | Artificial opening of BBB | Bypass BBB by intrastriatal infusion of IgGs | No artificial opening of BBB | Severe BBB dysfunction after recurrent infections |
|
| ||||||
| Neuroinflammation | – | – | – | – | Microglial activation in rostral diencephalon | Microglial activation in olfactory bulb |
|
| ||||||
| Brain region of IgG extravasation/binding | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Olfactory bulb | ++++ | |||||
|
| ||||||
| Cortex: | ||||||
| – Prefrontal cortex | – | – | +++ | – | – | ++ |
| – Piriform cortex | – | ++ | – | – | – | +++ |
|
| ||||||
| Hippocampus: | ||||||
| – Dentate gyrus | – | +++ | – | – | – | + |
|
| ||||||
| Basal ganglia: | ||||||
| – Caudate | + | ++ | +++ | +++ | – | + |
| – Globus pallidus | + | ++ | – | – | – | + |
|
| ||||||
| Diencephalon | ||||||
| – Lateral hypothalamus | – | – | – | – | – | ++++ |
| – Thalamus | + | – | +++ | – | – | + |
| – Reticular thalamic nucleus | + | – | – | – | – | – |
| – Superior/inferior colliculus | + | – | – | – | – | + |
| – Red nucleus | – | – | – | – | – | ++++ |
| – Amygdala | – | – | – | – | – | ++++ |
|
| ||||||
| Cerebellum | ||||||
| – Deep cerebellar nuclei | +++ | – | – | – | – | +++ |
| – Pontine nuclei | – | – | – | – | – | +++ |
|
| ||||||
| Brain stem | ||||||
| – Tegmental nuclei | – | – | – | – | – | + |
| – Periolivary nucleus | – | – | – | – | – | + |
| – Other brainstem/motor nuclei | – | – | – | – | – | ++ |
|
| ||||||
| Behavioral assays | ||||||
|
| ||||||
| Motor ability and coordination: | ||||||
| – Beam walking | – | +++ | ++ | + | – | – |
| – Dowel test | – | – | – | – | ++ | – |
| – Rotarod test | – | ++ | – | – | – | – |
| – Food manipulation | – | – | ++ | +++ | – | – |
|
| ||||||
| Anxiety and stereotypy: | ||||||
| – Open field test (ambulatory distance) | ++ | – | – | – | – | – |
| – Open field test (time in center) | – | – | + | – | ++ | – |
| – Elevated plus or O maze | – | – | – | – | +++ | – |
|
| ||||||
| Compulsion | ||||||
| – Induced grooming | – | – | ++ | ++ | – | – |
| – Marble burying | – | – | – | +++ | – | – |
| – Rearing | +++ | +++ | – | – | ++ | – |
|
| ||||||
| Exploratory, aggressive, social and olfactory behaviors: | ||||||
| – Olfactory discrimination | – | +++ | – | – | – | – |
| – Resident-intruder task | – | +++ | – | – | – | – |
| – Spatial and reversal learning | +++ | |||||
- Not found; + Weak; ++ Moderate; +++ Strong; ++++ Very strong; BBB: Blood–brain barrier; DCN: Deep cerebellar nuclei; SC: Sydenham’s chorea.