. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jul 4.

Published in final edited form as: Kidney Int. 2016 Jan 4;89(1):95–104. doi: 10.1038/ki.2015.315

Table 4.

Whole Bone Mechanics

Femur	Normal (n=8)	CKD (Vehicle) (n=9)	CKD (Raloxifene) (n=10)
Ultimate Force (N)^§	272.08 ± 17.75	204.81 ± 23.20 ^*	223.44 ± 23.78 ^* ^#
Stiffness (N/mm)^¶	531.67 ± 47.41	412.96 ± 56.28 ^*	440.66 ± 30.52 ^*
Energy to Fracture (mJ)^§	119.16 ± 15.33	91.65 ± 14.13 ^*	107.24 ± 20.86 ^#
Total Displacement (mm)^§	781.56 ± 53.46	745.15 ± 67.76	825.01 ± 95.15
Ultimate Stress (MPa)^§	153.81 ± 15.68	143.94 ± 17.93	146.76 ± 13.28
Elastic Modulus (MPa)^§	4.649 ± 0.633	5.144 ± 0.971	4.998 ± 0.466
Toughness (MPa)^§	4.336 ± 0.382	3.652 ± 0.545 ^*	4.096 ± 0.814 ^#
Total Strain (mε)^§	50.44 ± 4.48	42.74 ± 4.23 ^*	47.73 ± 4.97
Mechanics (Vertebra)	Normal (n=8)	CKD (Vehicle) (n=8)	CKD (Raloxifene) (n=10)
Ultimate Force (N)^§	256.89 ± 60.01	187.06 ± 48.03 ^*	179.57 ± 38.63 ^*
Stiffness (N/mm)^§	952.09 ± 314.20	866.74 ± 260.33	854.76 ± 277.85
Energy (mJ)^§	46.27 ± 10.60	28.05 ± 8.93 ^*	26.46 ± 7.33 ^*
Total Displacement (mm)^§	0.445 ± 0.123	0.355 ± 0.062	0.399 ± 0.97
Ultimate Stress (MPa)^§	42.49 ± 10.00	38.74 ± 9.16	34.16 ± 7.89
Elastic Modulus (MPa)^§	954.37 ± 334.35	1174.00 ± 447.08	1124.68 ± 372.23
Toughness (MPa)^§	1.310 ± 0.470	0.924 ± 0.347	0.714 ± 0.135
Total Strain (mε)^§	73.84 ± 25.98	58.37 ± 13.51	57.27 ± 12.07

^§

One-Way ANOVA followed by Fisher’s LSD tests

^¶

Kruskal-Wallis test followed Mann-Whitney U tests (with Bonferroni correction)

vs. Normal

vs. CKD (Vehicle)