Table II.
Study, year | Pathway | Main trait | Examples | Refs. |
---|---|---|---|---|
Vives et al, 1997 | Direct penetration | Energy-independent | Tat peptide | (36) |
Derossi et al, 1994 | Direct penetration | Energy-independent | pAntp | (37) |
Richard et al, 2003 | Endocytosis | Energy-dependent | Polyarginine | (42) |
Nan et al, 2011 | Endocytosis | Energy-dependent | ARF (1–22) | (18) |
Kawamoto et al, 2011 | Via the formation of a transitory membrane structure | Formation of the inverted micelles | Arginine-rich peptide | (47) |