Table 1.
Socioeconomic status in the community and the clinical sample
| Clinical Sample | Community Sample | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| All | All | Children with any paina | Children with recurrent painb | Children with ≥ 1 physician contact due to recurrent painc | |
| n = 979 | n = 14,455 | n = 9901 | n = 3340 | n = 2244 | |
| Winkler-Index (range 3 – 21) | |||||
| Mean | 13.9 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.5 | 11.1 |
| SD | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.3 | 4.2 |
| Mean difference | -2.5*** | −2.4*** | −2.4*** | −2.8*** | |
| Effect Size (Cohen’s d) | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | |
| SES status group | |||||
| Low (3 – 8) | 9.7 % | 27.5 % | 26.9 % | 26.3 % | 29.5 % |
| Medium (9 – 14) | 45.5 % | 46.9 % | 47.4 % | 48.3 % | 48.4 % |
| High (15 – 21) | 44.8 % | 25.6 % | 25.7 % | 25.4 % | 22.2 % |
| p # | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
comparisons were calculated for all subgroups of the community sample with the clinical sample
***p<0.001 (Student’s t-test). # p-value for Mann-Whitney-U test
aAny pain: children and adolescents reporting any pain during the last three months
bRecurrent pain: children and adolescents reporting recurrent pain, i.e., pain that occurs at least once in a month for more than the previous three months
c≥1 Physician contact due to recurrent pain: children and adolescents who reported at least one physician contact due to their recurrent pain problem