Table 1.
Demographic, Anthropometric, Household, Dietary, and Health Characteristics of Nepalese Children by Vitamin K Statusa,b
| Child characteristics | Deficient (n = 100) | Sufficient (n = 400) | Pc |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | |||
| Male, % | 50.0 | 49.8 | 1.000 |
| Age, years | 7.3 (0.5) | 7.5 (0.4) | 0.001 |
| Anthropometric measurements | |||
| Weight, kg | 18.3 (3.6) | 18.3 (2.3) | 0.912 |
| Height, cm | 113.8 (7.5) | 114.2 (5.5) | 0.640 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 14.1 (1.5) | 14.0 (1.0) | 0.498 |
| MUAC, cm | 15.4 (1.5) | 15.5 (1.1) | 0.768 |
| Undernutritiond % | |||
| Stunting (HAZ< −2) | 37.0 | 39.5 | 0.731 |
| Underweight (WAZ< −2) | 44.0 | 49.5 | 0.383 |
| Low BMI (BMIZ< −2) | 15.0 | 16.8 | 0.786 |
| Education% | |||
| Ever sent to school | 62.0 | 68.0 | 0.462 |
| Literacy | 18.0 | 17.3 | 0.977 |
| Ethnicity of household % | 0.791 | ||
| Pahadi | 30.0 | 31.3 | |
| Madheshi | 70.0 | 68.7 | |
| Economic of household % | |||
| Electricity | 50.0 | 51.3 | 0.911 |
| Land ownership | 71.0 | 78.5 | 0.144 |
| Diet, any intake in the past week % | |||
| Milk | 70.0 | 68.3 | 0.828 |
| Chicken | 20.0 | 19.8 | 1.000 |
| Fish | 20.0 | 22.0 | 0.765 |
| Other meat | 31.0 | 32.5 | 0.867 |
| Eggs | 14.0 | 18.8 | 0.335 |
| Dark green leafy vegetable | 74.0 | 72.0 | 0.783 |
| Morbidity, any symptom reported in the past week % | |||
| Poor appetite | 12.0 | 12.3 | 1.000 |
| Fever | 15.0 | 6.5 | 0.010 |
| Diarrhea | 2.0 | 3.5 | 0.657 |
| Any symptome | 24.0 | 24.3 | 1.000 |
| Lipid profilesf | |||
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 0.71 (0.57, 0.88) | 0.73 (0.60, 0.88) | 0.588 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.97 (1.79, 2.20) | 1.84 (1.58, 2.10) | 0.008 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.29 (2.94, 3.50) | 3.10 (2.80, 3.37) | 0.007 |
| Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.13 (0.88, 1.58) | 1.02 (0.78, 1.31) | 0.006 |
| Infection/inflammation, % | |||
| CRP >5 mg/L | 6.0 | 6.0 | 1.000 |
| AGP >1 g/L | 35.0 | 28.5 | 0.251 |
AGP, α-1-acid glycoprotein; BMI, body mass index; BMIZ, body mass index z score; CRP, C-reactive protein; HAZ, height-for-age z score; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; PIVKA-II, protein induced vitamin K absence-II; WAZ, weight-for-age z score.
Children were divided into vitamin K deficient (PIVKA-II >2 μg/L) and sufficient (PIVKA-II ≤2 μg/L) groups.
Data are expressed as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) unless otherwise indicated.
P value for group difference using t-test for continuous variables with normal distributions, Mann-Whitney test for continuous variables with skewed distributions, and chi-square test for categorical variables.
Anthropometric Z-scores were calculated based on the WHO reference for children 5–19 years of age.
Any symptom was defined as any symptom of poor appetite, vomiting, high fever, diarrhea, blood or white mucus in stool, productive cough, rapid breathing, blood in sputum, or painful urination in the past week.
Data are missing for HDL (n = 39), LDL (n = 176), total cholesterol (n = 149), and triglyceride (n = 28).