FIG. 1.

Schematic diagrams for (A) the process of fabrication of the three types of TIs and (B) the patterns of the TIs having microgrooves with parallel lines and radial arrangements, as well as a nonpatterned flat implant. The width and depth of the microgrooves were 5 μm. The width at the edge for the radial implant was 5 μm. (C) FESEM images of the three types of TIs in both bird's-eye views (first row) and tilted views (second row) at a magnification of ×10,000. Scale bars indicate 5 μm. FESEM, field emission scanning electron microscopy; TI, topographically defined implant. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea