FIG. 4.

Alignment of MC3T3-E1 cells on TIs during in vitro cellular migration. (A) Schematic diagram of the in vitro cell migration assay, mimicking in vivo host cell migration to calvarial defects. (B) F-actin staining (phalloidin staining, red) of migrating cells on the TIs at day 2. The first row shows the large-area images of TIs with migrating cells. The topographic patterns of the TIs are represented with gray dotted lines. Scale bars indicate 1 mm. The second row shows the enlarged images of the yellow square areas of the TIs with migrating cells. Scale bars indicate 100 μm. Blue (DAPI) indicates the nucleus of MC3T3-E1 cells. The third row shows the quantification of cell alignment by determining the angles between the F-actin-stained cells and the direction of microgrooves. Color images available online at www.liebertpub.com/tea