Table 1.

In vivo mechanical strain and stress in major musculoskeletal tissues

Tissue type	In vivo mechanical loading	In vivo strain or stress magnitudes	Ref
Bone	Fluid shear stress	0.8–3.0 N/m2	[165, 166]
	Tensile strain	0.03–0.1 % (though close to10 % is widely accepted to account for in vivo amplification)	[165]
Tendon	Tensile strain	2–4 % (physiological range)	[57]
	Tensile strain	5–16 % (complete rupture for mid-tendon)	[66]
Skeletal muscle	Tensile stress	9 kN (vigorous exercise)	[75]
	Tensile strain	5-12 % (moderate activity)
Cartilage	Compressive stress	1–6 MPa (vigorous activity)	[81]
	Compressive strain	50 % (at superficial zone)	[62]
	Compressive Strain	0–5 % (at deep and middle zone)	[63]