Table 2.
List of anthropometric measurements used in analysis
| Measurement | Region | Landmarks involved | Collection method |
|---|---|---|---|
| Maximum cranial width | Head | Right euryon (eu_r)—left euryon (eu_l) | Spreading calipers |
| Minimum frontal width | Head | Right frontotemporale (ft_r)—left frontotemporale (ft_l) | Spreading calipers |
| Maximum facial width | Face | Right zygion (zy_r)—left zygion (zy_l) | Spreading calipers |
| Mandibular width | Face | Right gonion (go_r)—left gonion (go_l) | Spreading calipers |
| Maximum cranial length | Head | Glabella (g)—opisthocranion (op) | Spreading calipers |
| Cranial base width | Head | Right tragion (t_r)—left tragion (t_l) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Upper facial deptha | Face | Nasion (n)—left tragion (t_l) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Middle facial deptha | Face | Subnasale (sn)—left tragion (t_l) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Lower facial deptha | Face | Gnathion (gn)—left tragion (t_l) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Morphological facial height | Face | Nasion (n)—gnathion (gn) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Upper facial height | Face | Nasion (n)—stomion (sto) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Lower facial height | Face | Subnasale (sn)—gnathion (gn) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Intercanthal width | Eye | Right endocanthion (en_r)—left endocanthion (en_l) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Outercanthal width | Eye | Right exocanthion (ex_r)—left exocanthion (ex_l) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Palpebral fissure lengtha | Eye | Left endocanthion (en_l)—left exocanthion (ex_l) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Nasal width | Nose | Right alare (al_r)—left alare (al_l): | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Subnasal width | Nose | Right subalare (sbal_r)—left subalare (sbal_l) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Nasal protrusion | Nose | Subnasale (sn)—pronasale (prn) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Nasal ala lengtha | Nose | Left alar curvature point (ac_l)—pronasale (prn) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Nasal height | Nose | Nasion (n)—subnasale (sn) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Nasal bridge length | Nose | Nasion (n)—pronasale (prn) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Labial fissure width | Mouth | Right chelion (ch_r)—left chelion (ch_l) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Philtrum width | Mouth | Right crista philtri (cph_r)—left crista philtri (cph_l) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Philtrum length | Mouth | Subnasale (sn)—labiale superius (ls) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Upper lip height | Mouth | Subnasale (sn)—stomion (sto) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Lower lip height | Mouth | Stomion (sto)—sublabiale (sl) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Upper vermilion height | Mouth | Labiale superius (ls)—stomion (sto) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Lower vermilion height | Mouth | Stomion (sto)—labiale inferius (li) | 3D Photogrammetry |
| Cutaneous lower lip height | Mouth | Labiale inferius (li)—sublabiale (sl) | 3D Photogrammetry |
Detailed descriptions of these measurements are available at the following link: https://www.facebase.org/facial_norms/notes
aIndicates that only the left side of this bilateral measurement is included