Table 2.

Adjusted Level and Trend Changes in Self-Reported Outcomes After Implementation of Part D in Community-Dwelling Medicare Beneficiaries^*

Variable	Exponentiated β-Coefficient (95% CI)
Proportion in fair or poor health
Level change	1.084 (1.019 to 1.153)†
Difference in trend before and   after Part D	0.983 (0.957 to 1.009)†
Proportion with any ADL limitations
Level change	0.951 (0.873 to 1.036)†
Difference in trend before and   after Part D	1.026 (0.986 to 1.067)†
Proportion with any IADL limitations
Level change	1.005 (0.937 to 1.077)†
Difference in trend before and   after Part D	1.009 (0.968 to 1.052)†
Proportion who died during the year
Level change	1.002 (0.862 to 1.164)†
Difference in trend before and   after Part D	0.994 (0.958 to 1.031)†
Any inpatient hospital visits
Level change	0.991 (0.925 to 1.061)†
Difference in trend before and   after Part D	0.998 (0.975 to 1.023)†
Number of inpatient hospital visits
Level change	0.993 (0.921 to 1.072)‡
Difference in trend before and   after Part D	0.996 (0.971 to 1.022)‡
Any ED visits
Level change	1.034 (0.958 to 1.115)†
Difference in trend before and   after Part D	1.008 (0.978 to 1.039)†
Number of ED visits
Level change	1.005 (0.931 to 1.085)‡
Difference in trend before and   after Part D	0.990 (0.954 to 1.026)‡
Mean inpatient hospital costs, $
Level change	7.50 (−261.47 to 276.40)
Difference in trend before and   after Part D	−29.70 (−121.37 to 61.96)
Mean ED costs, $
Level change	−12.08 (−34.54 to 10.38)
Difference in trend before and   after Part D	4.40 (−2.99 to 11.80)

ADL = activities of daily living; ED = emergency department; IADL = instrumental ADL.

^*Estimated difference in trend between before and after Part D represents average change in trend exponentiated from log linear models adjusted for age, sex, and race. Survey models were based on 11 annual observation points.

^†Odds ratio.

^‡Incidence rate ratio.