Table 2. Comparison of characteristics of patients with type 1 diabetes recruited between January 2012 and April 2013, from the Pediatrics Endocrinology Clinic at the University of Massachusetts Medical School (Categorical variables).
| Controls | Cases | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | (High HbA1c) | (Low HbA1c) | OR [95%CI] | p value |
| n (%) | n (%) | (Wald) | ||
| Responsible pet ownership | ||||
| No pet or Low Level of Interaction | 103 (54.5) | 12 (35.3) | Reference | |
| High level of Interaction | 86 (45.5) | 22 (64.7) | 2.17 [1.02 to 4.65] | 0.045 |
| Socio-Economic Status1 | ||||
| H/A Index 1 | 52 (27.5) | 5 (14.7) | Reference | |
| H/A Index 2 | 30 (15.9) | 8 (23.5) | 2.69 [0.80 to 9.07] | |
| H/A Index 3 | 33 (17.5) | 8 (23.5) | 2.25 [0.67 to 7.56] | |
| H/A Index 4 | 45 (23.8) | 9 (26.5) | 2.15 [0.67 to 6.98] | |
| H/A Index 5 | 29 (15.3) | 4 (11.8) | 1.36 [0.34 to 5.52] | 0.510 |
| Gender | ||||
| Females | 83 (47.7) | 20 (40.8) | Reference | |
| Males | 91 (52.3) | 29 (59.2) | 1.75 [0.81 to 3.76] | 0.153 |
| Race and Ethnicity | ||||
| White (non-Hispanic) | 154 (81.5) | 34 (100.0) | ||
| White (Hispanic) | 26 (13.8) | 0 (0.0) | ||
| Non-White | 9 (4.8) | 0 (0.0) | Does not converge | 0.0022 |
1 The H/A index used as a proxy for Socio-Economic status consists of 5 categories that combine the hazards/stressor exposure index (H) and the adaptive/socio-demographic character index (A) established by Downs et al. for the zip code of residence reported in patient charts.
2 Yate’s adjusted Chi2 asymptotic 2-sided.