TABLE 3.
Unadjusted (Bivariate) and Adjusted (Multivariate) Odds Ratios Indicating the Effects of Nurse Staffing, the Nurse Work Environment, and Other Hospital and Patient Characteristics on Survival to Discharge (N = 11,160)
| Predictors | Odds Ratios
|
|
|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted (Bivariate) | Adjusted (Multivariate) | |
| Nursing characteristics | ||
| Intensive care unit staffing | 1.02 (0.86–1.21) | 1.02 (0.90–1.15) |
| Medical-surgical staffing | 0.94*** (0.92–0.97) | 0.95* (0.91–0.99) |
| Work environment | 0.70* (0.53–0.92) | 0.84* (0.71–0.99) |
| Other hospital characteristics | ||
| Beds | ||
| 251–500 | 1.19 (0.91–1.55) | 0.95 (0.79–1.15) |
| ≥501 | 1.08 (0.83–1.42) | 0.97 (0.83–1.12) |
| Teaching status | ||
| Minor | 0.87 (0.71–1.07) | 0.94 (0.79–1.14) |
| Major | 1.13 (0.70–1.82) | 0.92 (0.72–1.19) |
| Technology status | 1.32* (1.05–1.66) | 1.24** (1.06–1.43) |
| Urban | 1.22 (0.78–1.89) | 1.44** (1.12–1.85) |
| State | ||
| Pennsylvania | 0.86 (0.68–1.07) | 1.08 (0.84–1.39) |
| Florida | 1.15 (0.71–1.88) | 1.09 (0.87–1.36) |
| New Jersey | 0.92 (0.67–1.25) | 1.31* (1.05–1.64) |
| Patient and event characteristics | ||
| Age | 0.99* (0.99–1.00) | 0.99*** (0.98–0.99) |
| Arrest location in ICU | 0.67*** (0.55–0.81) | 0.86 (0.73–1.01) |
| Monitored | 1.31* (1.00–1.71) | 1.84*** (1.40–2.41) |
| Witnessed | 1.14 (0.99–1.32) | 1.38** (1.13–1.67) |
| Initial shockable rhythm | 3.43*** (2.68–4.39) | 3.21*** (2.57–4.02) |
| Mechanical ventilation | 0.39*** (0.34–0.45) | 0.48*** (0.41–0.57) |
| Septicemia | 0.43*** (0.35–0.53) | 0.59*** (0.49–0.72) |
| Hepatic insufficiency | 0.49*** (0.37–0.65) | 0.60*** (0.45–0.80) |
| Hypotension | 0.44*** (0.36–0.53) | 0.66*** (0.55–0.79) |
| Metastatic/hematologic malignancy | 0.50*** (0.40–0.62) | 0.51*** (0.41–0.64) |
| Intravenous vasopressor | 0.42*** (0.32–0.56) | 0.59*** (0.49–0.71) |
ICU staffing and medical-surgical staffing are measured by the ratios of patients to nurses; the work environment measure contrasts hospitals with poor environments with hospitals with mixed or good environments; the referent categories for beds, teaching status, technology status, and urban are <200 beds, nonteaching, nonhigh technology, and rural, respectively. Our models include dummy variables for state leaving one state as the reference category; age is coded in years; arrest location is coded as occurring on an ICU unit (1) versus medical-surgical unit (0); all other patient characteristics are coded as present (1) versus absent (0).
P < 0.05.
P < 0.01.
P < 0.001.
ICU indicates intensive care unit.