Table 3.
Longitudinal impact of AUD.
| Univariate analyses (Comparator group is abstainers) |
Multivariate analyses (Comparator group is abstainers)* |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Casual drinkers OR (95% CI), p | Hazardous drinkers OR (95% CI) | Harmful drinkers OR (95% CI) | Casual drinkers OR (95% CI) | Hazardous drinkers OR (95% CI) | Harmful drinkers OR (95% CI) | |
| Social problems | ||||||
| Workplace problems since baseline interview | 1.3 (0.6–2.8) | 2.5 (1.1–5.5)† | 7.2 (3.1–17.1)† | 1.7 (0.7–3.7) | 3.0 (1.3–7.0)†† | 7.1 (2.7–18.2)3 |
| Marital problems since baseline interview | 0.8 (0.5–1.5) | 2.1 (1.2–3.7)† | 3.3 (1.6–7.1)† | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 2.0 (1.1–3.7)†† | 2.9 (1.3–6.4)2 |
| Social problems since baseline interview | 0.8 (0.4–1.9) | 2.4 (1.1–5.2)† | 5.5 (2.2–13.4)† | 0.9 (0.4–2.3) | 2.6 (1.1–6.0)†† | 5.2 (2.0–13.7)3 |
| Lost ≥ 1 workdays due to poor health in past 28 days | 1.1 (0.8–1.7) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | 3.3 (1.7–6.4)† | 1.3 (0.9–1.9) | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 3.3 (1.7–6.5)3 |
| Physical abuse of partner/spouse in past 12 months | 0.9 (0.4–2.1) | 1.9 (0.9–4.3) | 4.2 (1.6–11.0)† | 1.1 (0.5–2.4) | 2.1 (0.9–4.8) | 3.8 (1.4–10.1)2 |
| Sexual abuse of partner/spouse in past 12 months | 0.7 (0.5–1.0)† | 0.7 (0.5–1.0)† | 0.9 (0.5–1.7) | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 1.0 (0.6–1.7) | 1.5 (0.7–3.2) |
| Physical health problems | ||||||
| Hypertension diagnosed after baseline interview | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.4 (0.9–2.2) | 2.7 (1.5–4.9)† | 1.0 (0.7–1.6) | 1.3 (0.8–2.2) | 3.0 (1.6–5.6)3 |
| Heart disease diagnosed after baseline interview | 0.8 (0.3–2.1) | 1.1 (0.4–3.2) | 1.5 (0.3–6.6) | |||
| CVA or TIA occurring after baseline interview | 0.9 (0.3–2.2) | 0.6 (0.1–2.4) | 1.6 (0.4–7.0) | |||
| Head injury with loss of consciousness after baseline interview | 1.0 (0.6–1.8) | 1.8 (1.0–3.2)† | 1.5 (0.6–3.8) | 1.2 (0.7–2.1) | 1.8 (1.0–3.3) | 1.3 (0.5–3.5) |
| Diabetes diagnosed after baseline interview | 1.7 (1.0–2.6)† | 2.1 (1.2–3.6)† | 2.3 (1.0–5.1)† | 1.8 (1.1–2.9)†† | 2.2 (1.3–4.0)†† | 3.0 (1.3–6.8)†† |
| COPD diagnosed after baseline interview | 1.2 (0.5–3.3) | 1.6 (0.5–4.9) | 5.8 (2.0–16.8)† | 1.7 (0.6–4.6) | 2.0 (0.6–6.3) | 5.2 (1.7–16.1)†† |
| Tuberculosis diagnosed after baseline interview | 0.2 (0.1–1.1)† | 1.2 (0.4–3.2) | 2.1 (0.6–7.1) | 0.2 (0.02–1.2) | 1.2 (0.4–3.4) | 1.6 (0.4–5.7) |
| Accidents or injuries in past 12 months | 1.0 (0.7–1.5) | 1.8 (1.2–2.8)† | 2.6 (1.4–4.8)† | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 1.8 (1.2–2.9)†† | 2.5 (1.3–4.6)†† |
| Death | 1.2 (0.6–2.5) | 2.0 (0.9–4.1)† | 9.1 (4.6–18.0)† | 1.5 (0.7–3.0) | 1.8 (0.8–3.9) | 6.2 (3.0–12.5)††† |
| Mental health and substance use/abuse | ||||||
| Used tobacco in past 12 months | 1.4 (1.1–1.8)† | 3.5 (2.6–4.9)† | 4.2 (2.6–6.7)† | 1.9 (1.4–2.6)††† | 4.2 (2.9–6.0)††† | 3.4 (2.0–5.6)††† |
| Current major depressive episode | 0.3 (0.1–1.0)† | 1.0 (0.4–2.4) | 3.4 (1.5–8.2)† | 0.4 (0.1–1.2) | 1.2 (0.5–2.9) | 3.1 (1.2–7.6)†† |
| Currently suicidal | 0.9 (0.6–1.5) | 1.5 (0.8–2.5) | 4.7 (2.5–8.6)† | 1.2 (0.7–2.0) | 1.7 (1.0–3.0) | 4.2 (2.2–7.9)††† |
| Current anxiety disorders | 0.4 (0.2–1.2)† | 0.7 (0.2–1.9) | 4.7 (2.1–10.4)† | 0.6 (0.2–1.6) | 0.8 (0.3–2.3) | 4.2 (1.8–9.6)††† |
| Current substance use disorder | 2.7 (0.4–19.2) | 7.7 (1.3–46.7)† | 7.1 (0.6–79.6) | 1.6 (0.2–11.3) | 4.9 (0.8–30.7) | 6.2 (0.5–78.9) |
| Health service utilisation | ||||||
| Contact with health worker in past 2 months | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 1.3 (0.8–2.1) | |||
| Admitted to hospital in the past two months | 1.3 (0.5–3.0) | 1.8 (0.7–4.7) | 3.5 (1.1–10.6)† | 1.4 (0.6–3.5) | 1.8 (0.7–4.8) | 2.8 (0.9–8.8) |
| Biological parameters | ||||||
| Hypertension | 1.5 (1.0–2.4)† | 1.3 (0.7–2.4) | 1.8 (0.8–4.2) | 1.2 (0.8–2.0) | 1.1 (0.6–2.1) | 1.8 (0.7–4.1) |
| Unhealthy BMI | 1.1 (0.9–1.5) | 1.3 (0.9–1.8) | 1.1 (0.7–1.9) | |||
| Raised MCV | 1.3 (1.0–1.8)† | 3.1 (2.2–4.5)† | 3.5 (2.0–6.2)† | 1.3 (1.0–1.8) | 2.8 (1.9–4.2)††† | 3.1 (1.7–5.5)††† |
| Raised GGT | 3.2 (2.1–4.7)† | 7.9 (5.1–12.2)† | 8.6 (4.7–15.9)† | 3.7 (2.5–5.5)††† | 8.7 (5.5–13.6)††† | 8.9 (4.7–16.8)††† |
*
Adjusted for age, residence, religion, marital status, education, employment status and socioeconomic status at baseline.
†
Significance level of p < 0.1; progressed to the multivariate model.
††
Significance level of p < 0.05 but >0.002.
†††
Significance level of p < 0.002.