Table 6.

Level of female participation in group encounters in primate species. The type of social organization does not appear to explain sex differences in participation  

Participation of females in comparison with males	Primate species	References	Social organization
Higher	Cercopithecus diana	Hill (1994)	OM
	Cercopithecus mitis	Cords (2007)	OM
	Lemur catta	Nunn and Deaner (2004)	MMMF
Similar	Propithecus verreauxi	Present study	MMMF
	Macaca thibetana	Zhao (1997)	MMMF
	Callithrix penicillata	Decanini and Macedo (2008)	PAIR
	Cercocebus galeritus	Kinnaird (1992)	MMMF
	Cercopithecus ascanius	Brown (2013)	OM
Lower	Cebus capucinus	Perry (1996)	MMMF
	Colobus guereza	Fashing (2001)	OM
	Pan troglodytes	Williams (2004)	MMMF
	Macaca fuscata	Majolo et al. (2005)	MMMF
	Colobus polykomos	Korstjens et al. (2005)	OM
	Gorilla beringei	Robbins and Sawyer (2007)	OM
	Alouatta pigra	Van Belle (2015)	MMMF
	Presbytis sp.	van Schaik et al. (1992)	OM
	Hylobates lar	Bartlett (2003)	MMMF
	Papio ursinus	Cowlishaw (1995)	MMMF
	Presbytis thomasi	Steenbeek (1999)	OM
	Hapalemur griseus	Nievergelt et al. (1998)	PAIR
	Cercopithecus aethiops	Cheney (1981)	MMMF
	Saguinus mystax	Garber et al. (1993)	MMMF
	Cebus olivaceus	Robinson (1988)	MMMF
	Macaca maurus	Okamoto and Matsumura (2002)	MMMF
	Macaca sylvanus	Mehlman and Parkhill (1988)	MMMF
	Macaca radiata	Cooper et al. (2004)	MMMF
	Sapajus nigritus	Scarry (2013)	MMMF
	Chiropotes sagulatus	Shaffer (2013)	MMMF
	Colobus vellerosus	Sicotte and Macintosh (2004)	OM
	Pithecia pithecia	Thompson et al. (2012)	PAIR
	Lophocebus albigena	Brown (2013)	MMMF
	Papio cynocephalus	Markham et al. (2012)	MMMF

Social organization: one adult male per group (OM), multimale and multifemale groups (MMMF), and one adult male and one adult female (PAIR)