Table 2:
Characteristics of selected studies
| Year of publication | Authors | Location | Types of studies | Participants | Reference standards | Cut off point | 2×2 Table | Value (95% Confidence interval) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Setting | PUs at adm. | Age (yr) | M:F (n) | Total (n) | TP | FP | FN | TN | SN | SP | PLR | NLR | DOR | ||||||
| Norton scale | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2005 | Defloor & Grypdonck | Belgium | Pro | LTCF | PUs (−) | 84.6± 7.9 | 369:1,40 3 | 1,772 | EPUAP (1999) | <14 | 152 | 710 | 35 | 875 | 0.81 (0.75–0.86) | 0.55 (0.55–0.56) | 1.82 (1.65–1.95) | 0.34 (0.25–0.46) | 5.35 (3.60–7.98) |
| 2005 | Jalali & Rezaie | Iran | Pro | ICU & wards | PUs (−) | 60.0 | 100:130 | 230 | AHCPR (1994) | <16 | 36 | 0 | 38 | 156 | 0.49 (0.43–0.49) | 1.00 (0.89–1.00) | - | 0.51 (0.51–0.58) | - |
| 2005 | Kwong et al. | China | Prospective | - | PUs (−) | 54.1± 16.9 | 253:176 | 429 | NPUAP (1989) | <14 | 8 | 164 | 1 | 256 | 0.89 (0.51–0.99) | 0.61 (0.60–0.61) | 2.28 (1.28–2.56) | 0.18 (0.01–0.81) | 12.49 (1.57–268.73) |
| 2003 | Lee at al. | Korea | Pro | ICU | PUs (−) | 62.0 | 64:48 | 112 | AHCPR (1994) | <16 | 34 | 55 | 1 | 22 | 0.97 (0.86–1.00) | 0.29 (0.23–0.30) | 1.36 (1.12–1.42) | 0.10 (0.01–0.62) | 13.60 (1.80–283.14) |
| 2003 | Marrie et al. | Canada | Retro | - | - | 61.0± 18.0 | 98:90 | 188 | NPUAP (2002) | ≤14 | 37 | 121 | 9 | 21 | 0.80 (0.69–0.90) | 0.15 (0.11–0.18) | 0.94 (0.78–1.09) | 1.32 (0.59–2.78) | 0.71 (0.28–1.85) |
| 2001 | Charlier | Australia | Prospective | Hosp. | PUs (−) | - | 29:33 | 62 | AHCPR (1995) | <15 | 3 | 1 | 8 | 50 | 0.27 (0.08–0.36) | 0.98 (0.94–1.00) | 13.91 (1.38–344.42) | 0.74 (0.64–0.98) | 18.75 (1.42–536.60) |
| 1998 | Pang & Wong | Hong Kong | Pro | Hosp. | PUs (−) | 45–92 | 52:54 | 106 | TDCPS (1983) | <16 | 17 | 35 | 4 | 50 | 0.81 (0.60–0.94) | 0.59 (0.54–0.62) | 1.97 (1.29–2.46) | 0.32 (0.10–0.75) | 6.07 (1.71–23.53) |
| Waterlow scale | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2010 | Webster et al. | Australia | Pro | Ward | PUs (−) | 65.3± 7.7 | 137:137 | 274 | NPUAP (2007) | <15 | 8 | 55 | 4 | 207 | 0.67 (0.36–0.89) | 0.79 (0.78–0.80) | 3.18 (1.61–4.43) | 0.42 (0.14–0.82) | 7.53 (1.96–31.04) |
| 2009 | Serpa et al. | Brazil | Pro | ICU & wards | PUs (−) | 71.1± 5.5 | 49:49 | 98 | NPUAP (2007) | <17 | 5 | 30 | 2 | 61 | 0.71 (0.31–0.95) | 0.67 (0.64–0.69) | 2.17 (0.86–3.04) | 0.43 (0.08–1.08) | 5.08 (0.80–40.52) |
| 2008 | Compton et al. | Germany | Pro | ICU | PUs (−) | 66.0 | 392:306 | 698 | EPUAP (1999) | 45 | 31 | 76 | 546 | 0.37 (0.31–0.43) | 0.95 (0.93–0.96) | 6.9 (4.50–10.66) | 0.66 (0.59–0.75) | 10.4 (6.03–18.08) | |
| 2005 | Jalali & Rezaie | Iran | Pro | ICU & wards | PUs (−) | 60.0 | 100:130 | 230 | AHCPR (1994) | <16 | 47 | 28 | 27 | 128 | 0.64 (0.54–0.72) | 0.82 (0.78–0.86) | 3.54 (2.41–5.13) | 0.45 (0.33–0.59) | 7.96 (4.07–15.67) |
| 2001 | Charlier | Australia | Prospective | Hosp. | PUs (−) | – | 29:33 | 62 | AHCPR (1995) | <9 | 11 | 23 | 0 | 28 | 1.00 (0.71–1.00) | 0.55 (0.49–0.55) | 2.22 (1.37–2.22) | 0.00 (0.00–0.60) | - |
| 1998 | Pang & Wong | Hong Kong | Pro | Hosp. | PUs (−) | 45–92 | 52:54 | 106 | TDCPS (1983) | <16 | 20 | 48 | 1 | 37 | 0.95 (0.76–1.00) | 0.44 (0.39–0.45) | 1.69 (1.24–1.80) | 0.11 (0.01–0.62) | 15.42 (2.02–322.34) |
| Modified Braden scale | |||||||||||||||||||
| By Choi & Song | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2009 | Kim et al. | Korea | Prospective | SICU | PUs (−) | 58.1± 1.2 | 145:74 | 219 | AHCPR (1994) | <21 | 38 | 55 | 2 | 124 | 0.95 (0.83–0.99) | 0.69 (0.67–0.70) | 3.09 (2.48–3.33) | 0.07 (0.01–0.26) | 42.84 (9.59–266.55) |
| 2004 | Kim & Choi | Korea | Prospective | ICU & ward | PUs (−) | 60.7 | - | 211 | AHCPR (1996) | <23 | 34 | 42 | 0 | 135 | 1.00 (0.88–1.00) | 0.76 (0.74–0.76) | 4.21 (3.39–4.21) | 0.00 (0.00–0.16) | - |
| 2003 | Lee at al. | Korea | Prospective | ICU | PUs (−) | 62.0 | 64:48 | 112 | AHCPR (1996) | <24 | 35 | 63 | 0 | 14 | 1.00 (0.90–1.00) | 0.18 (0.14–0.18) | 1.22 (1.04–1.22) | 0.00 (0.00–0.73) | - |
| 1991 | Choi & Song | Korea | Prospective | Wards | PUs (−) | 54.1 | 89:57 | 146 | Bergstrom (1987) | <24 | 14 | 11 | 2 | 119 | 0.88 (0.64–0.98) | 0.92 (0.89–0.93) | 10.34 (5.57–13.58) | 0.14 (0.02–0.41) | 75.73 (13.54–559.83) |
| By Pang & Wong | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2009 | Chan et al. | Hong Kong | Prospective | OS ward | PUs (−) | 79.4± 10.9 | 30:167 | 197 | NPUAP (2007) | <19 | 16 | 68 | 2 | 111 | 0.89 (0.65–0.98) | 0.62 (0.60–0.63) | 2.34 (1.61–2.65) | 0.18 (0.03–0.59) | 13.06 (2.75–84.99) |
| 2005 | Kwong et al. | China | Prospective | - | PUs (−) | 54.1± 16.9 | 253:176 | 429 | NPUAP (1989) | <14 | 8 | 105 | 1 | 315 | 0.89 (0.51–0.99) | 0.75 (0.74–0.75) | 3.56 (1.98–4.01) | 0.15 (0.01–0.66) | 24.00 (3.01–517.73) |
| Cubbin & Jackson scale | |||||||||||||||||||
| 2009 | Kim et al. | Korea | Prospective | SICU | PUs (−) | 58.1± 1.2 | 145:74 | 219 | AHCPR (1994) | <28 | 38 | 33 | 2 | 146 | 0.95 (0.83–0.99) | 0.82 (0.79–0.83) | 5.15 (3.94–5.66) | 0.06 (0.01–0.21) | 84.06 (18.39–531.62) |
| 2006 | Im & Park | Korea | Prospective | ICU | PUs (−) | 62.1± 1.8 | 43:35 | 78 | NPUAP (1989) | <24 | 9 | 8 | 13 | 48 | 0.41 (0.24–0.57) | 0.86 (0.79–0.92) | 2.86 (1.13–7.07) | 0.69 (0.47–0.97) | 4.15 (1.17–15.06) |
| 2003 | Jun et al. | Korea | Prospective | ICU | PUs (±) | 62.0 | 64:48 | 112 | AHCPR (1994) | <24 | 31 | 30 | 4 | 47 | 0.89 (0.75–0.96) | 0.61 (0.55–0.65) | 2.27 (1.65–2.71) | 0.19 (0.06–0.46) | 12.14 (3.58–45.36) |
| 1997 | Kim et al. | Korea | Prospective | ICU | PUs (−) | 56.2 | 162:91 | 253 | Lowthian (1989) | <26 | 52 | 45 | 45 | 111 | 0.54 (0.46–0.61) | 0.71 (0.66–0.76) | 1.86 (1.34–2.55) | 0.65 (0.51–0.83) | 2.85 (1.63–5.01) |
Notes: PUs= Pressure ulcers; TP= True positive; FP= False positive; FN= False negative; TN= True negative; SN= Sensitivity; SP= Specificity; PLR= Positive likelihood ratio; NLR= Negative likelihood ratio; DOR= Diagnosis odds ratio; Retro= Retrospective study; Hosp.= Hospital; ICD-9= International Classification of Diseases version 9; Pro= Prospective study; LTCF= Long term care facilities; NPUAP= National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; EPUAP= European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel; AHCPR= Agency for Health Care Policy and Research; TDCPS= Torrence Developmental Classification of Pressure Sore.