Table 4.

Plasma amino acids in placebo and LYM–X–SORB^™ (LXS) groups at baseline, 3, and 12 months.

Amino acids (nmol/mL)	n	Baseline	n	3 months	n	12 months	P0–3	P0–3–12
Alanine
Placebo	56	384 ± 99 a	46	405 ± 120	39	401 ± 106	0.50	0.43
LXS	54	383 ± 119	40	423 ± 127*	31	392 ± 104
α–aminobutyric
Placebo	56	22 ± 9	45	20 ± 7	38	22 ± 8	0.70	0.82
LXS	52	20 ± 7	40	17 ± 8	31	18 ± 7
Arginine
Placebo	56	81 ± 26	46	81 ± 26	39	77 ± 24	0.15	0.13
LXS	54	70 ± 23 ¥	40	77 ± 21*	31	64 ± 20*
Asparagine
Placebo	56	54 ± 10	46	58 ± 28	39	58 ± 9	0.35	0.51
LXS	54	55 ± 13	40	55 ± 13	31	56 ± 10
Aspartic Acid
Placebo	56	6.1 ± 2.6	45	5.7 ± 2.4	39	5.0 ± 2.7*	0.41	0.65
LXS	54	6.4 ± 2.3	38	5.7 ± 2.7	31	5.6 ± 4.1
Cysteine
Placebo	56	45 ± 10	46	46 ± 9	39	46 ± 11	0.33	0.31
LXS	54	43 ± 10	40	46 ± 8	31	44 ± 9
Glutamic Acid
Placebo	56	54 ± 25	46	55 ± 26	39	55 ± 22	0.27	0.51
LXS	54	55 ± 24	40	50 ± 17	31	55 ± 28
Glutamine
Placebo	56	568 ± 87	46	571 ± 107	39	593 ± 100	0.12	0.27
LXS	54	533 ± 88 ¥	40	564 ± 120	31	555 ± 105
Glycine
Placebo	56	321 ± 81	46	309 ± 87	39	320 ± 60	0.017	0.046
LXS	54	320 ± 76	40	340 ± 88	31	336 ± 73
Histidine
Placebo	56	102 (60 – 176) b	46	91 (60 – 148)*	39	93 (59 – 179)	0.052	0.005
LXS	54	99 (71 – 150)	40	107 (65 – 159)	31	88 (58 – 192)*
Homocysteine
Placebo	56	4.8 ± 1.3	46	4.9 ± 1.4	39	5.3 ± 1.5**	0.17	0.31
LXS	54	5.4 ± 1.3 ¥	40	5.3 ± 1.4	31	5.9 ± 1.3
Isoleucine
Placebo	56	64 ± 10	46	64 ± 14	39	66 ± 10	0.43	0.23
LXS	54	62 ± 14	40	59 ± 10	31	59 ± 11
Leucine
Placebo	56	119 ± 17	46	119 ± 24	39	126 ± 20	0.62	0.059
LXS	54	117 ± 24	40	113 ± 19	31	109 ± 24
Lysine
Placebo	55	179 ± 27	46	185 ± 38	39	179 ± 25	0.23	0.13
LXS	54	174 ± 33	39	171 ± 37	31	160 ± 30*
Methionine
Placebo	56	27 ± 9	46	26 ± 9	39	27 ± 9	0.29	0.069
LXS	54	25 ± 8	40	27 ± 10	31	23 ± 6
Ornithine
Placebo	56	81 ± 19	45	82 ± 24	39	81 ± 18	0.064	0.17
LXS	54	82 ± 26	39	73 ± 22*	31	78 ± 27
Phenylalanine
Placebo	56	57 ± 9	45	59 ± 13	39	56 ± 10	0.09	0.14
LXS	54	55 ± 11	40	52 ± 7	31	50 ± 9*
Proline
Placebo	56	165 (82 – 396)	45	165 (9 – 380)	39	172 (115 – 325)	0.10	0.17
LXS	54	168 (87 – 294)	40	187 (120 – 378)**	31	178 (93 – 347)
Serine
Placebo	56	114 ± 17	46	109 ± 19	39	111 ± 21	0.32	0.26
LXS	54	111 ± 22	40	110 ± 23	31	104 ± 25
Taurine
Placebo	56	74 ± 22	45	73 ± 22	38	72 ± 19	0.053	0.13
LXS	53	82 ± 21 ¥	40	72 ± 17*	31	81 ± 33
Threonine
Placebo	56	144 ± 35	46	155 ± 51	39	165 ± 40**	0.14	0.029
LXS	54	140 ± 41	40	133 ± 48	31	129 ± 38
Tyrosine
Placebo	56	67 (32 – 134)	45	67 (41 – 132)	39	59 (33 – 121)	0.71	0.18
LXS	54	60 (39 – 95)	40	64 (39 – 122)	31	53 (25 – 92)
Valine
Placebo	56	221 (169 – 307)	46	224 (154 – 340)	39	229 (181 – 337)	0.88	0.043
LXS	54	219 (152 – 353)	40	212 (151 – 279)	31	200 (130 – 318)*
BCAA
Placebo	56	408 (318 – 570)	46	387 (278–628)	39	414 (314–594)	0.81	0.047
LXS	54	386 (278 – 606)	40	388 (286–533)	31	377 (245–547)
AAA
Placebo	56	126 (77–194)	44	129 (83–232)	39	119 (80–179)	0.63	0.21
LXS	54	113 (80–172)	40	117 (74–190)	31	103 (65–152)***
BCAA: AAA ratio
Placebo	56	3.38 ± 0.59	44	3.26 ± 0.62	39	3.69 ± 0.99	0.99	0.68
LXS	54	3.44 ± 0.64	40	3.35 ± 0.55	31	3.67 ± 0.62

BCAA, branch- chained amino acids (Valine + Leucine + Isoleucine); AAA, aromatic amino acids (Tyrosine + Phenylalanine).

P_0–3 is testing for partial randomization group x time interaction between baseline and 3 month from a mixed effects linear regression model that included baseline, 3, and 12 months data (i. randomization group x time interaction was used).

P_0–3–12 is testing for randomization group x time interaction between baseline and 3 and 12 month.

^*(P≤0.05)

^**(P≤0.01)

^***(P≤0.001) difference from baseline within randomization groups.

^¥(P≤0.05) differences between LYX and Placebo randomization groups at baseline.

^aContinuous normally distributed variables given as means ± SD

^bContinuous variables with significant skewness are given as medians (range). Log transformation was applied for skewed variables in the mixed models.