TABLE 5.
Concentrations of serum total 25(OH)D stratified by race-ethnicity and grouped by selected intake, physiologic, or lifestyle variables for persons aged ≥1 y: NHANES 2007–20101
| Total2 |
Hispanic3 |
Non-Hispanic black |
Non-Hispanic white |
|||||
| Variable | n | nmol/L | n | nmol/L | n | nmol/L | n | nmol/L |
| Dietary intake,4 IU/d | ||||||||
| <200 | 9304 | 66.2 (64.4, 68.0) | 2903 | 54.9 (52.7, 57.1) | 2008 | 44.3 (41.6, 47.0) | 3929 | 74.0 (72.6, 75.5) |
| ≥200 | 5723 | 71.4 (69.6, 73.2) | 2016 | 60.6 (59.1, 62.2) | 877 | 52.2 (48.8, 55.6) | 2551 | 77.3 (75.5, 79.2) |
| P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Supplemental intake, IU/d | ||||||||
| 0 | 10,926 | 62.5 (60.4, 64.5) | 4001 | 55.2 (53.3, 57.0) | 2305 | 42.9 (40.0, 45.8) | 4078 | 70.1 (68.1, 72.1) |
| <400 | 1889 | 72.0 (70.2, 73.7) | 534 | 61.6 (59.9, 63.2) | 288 | 51.2 (47.6, 54.8) | 954 | 77.0 (75.0, 79.1) |
| ≥400 | 2726 | 82.0 (80.2, 83.7) | 559 | 67.7 (65.1, 70.3) | 382 | 63.3 (59.8, 66.7) | 1644 | 85.7 (84.1, 87.4) |
| P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Total intake,5 IU/d | ||||||||
| <200 | 7001 | 60.8 (58.7, 63.0) | 2418 | 53.1 (50.9, 55.2) | 1629 | 40.9 (37.9, 43.9) | 2608 | 68.9 (66.9, 71.0) |
| ≥200 | 8026 | 73.9 (72.3, 75.5) | 2501 | 61.5 (59.8, 63.2) | 1256 | 54.1 (51.2, 57.1) | 3872 | 79.6 (78.2, 81.1) |
| P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Any supplement use | ||||||||
| No | 9413 | 62.1 (59.8, 64.3) | 3549 | 55.2 (53.3, 57.1) | 2042 | 42.8 (39.8, 45.9) | 3366 | 70.1 (67.8, 72.3) |
| Yes | 6228 | 75.1 (73.5, 76.6) | 1586 | 61.8 (60.0, 63.7) | 954 | 54.0 (51.4, 56.7) | 3343 | 80.1 (78.6, 81.6) |
| P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Infection/ inflammation6 | ||||||||
| CRP <10 mg/L | 12,978 | 68.2 (66.4, 69.9) | 4134 | 56.7 (54.8, 58.6) | 2376 | 46.1 (43.3, 48.9) | 5767 | 75.3 (73.8, 76.9) |
| CRP ≥10 mg/L | 1190 | 62.4 (59.1, 65.6) | 392 | 52.4 (50.2, 54.7) | 278 | 41.6 (37.1, 46.2) | 494 | 70.6 (66.5, 74.7) |
| P | <0.0001 | 0.0001 | 0.0184 | 0.0153 | ||||
| BMI7,8 | ||||||||
| Underweight | 163 | 72.2 (66.0, 78.5) | 15 | —9 | 39 | 50.3 (28.8, 71.8) | 92 | 79.8 (72.6, 87.1) |
| Normal-weight | 2711 | 73.6 (71.4, 75.8) | 611 | 59.3 (56.5, 62.1) | 416 | 46.4 (43.7, 49.0) | 1465 | 81.2 (79.4, 83.0) |
| Overweight | 3502 | 69.2 (67.3, 71.0) | 1143 | 56.6 (54.7, 58.5) | 525 | 46.4 (42.8, 50.1) | 1687 | 75.7 (73.7, 77.6) |
| Obese | 3831 | 60.6 (58.7, 62.5) | 1173 | 51.8 (49.8, 53.7) | 832 | 42.5 (39.4, 45.7) | 1718 | 66.8 (65.0, 68.6) |
| P | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.0006 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Sun protection behavior10 | ||||||||
| Very likely | 3153 | 65.6 (63.5, 67.7) | 1024 | 53.9 (51.7, 56.1) | 567 | 42.7 (39.2, 46.2) | 1362 | 73.8 (71.8, 75.8) |
| Somewhat likely | 2120 | 67.6 (65.4, 69.7) | 528 | 57.5 (55.0, 60.0) | 424 | 43.2 (39.7, 46.7) | 1054 | 74.2 (72.2, 76.1) |
| Unlikely | 1135 | 68.5 (65.6, 71.3) | 355 | 56.7 (53.6, 59.8) | 196 | 44.0 (40.1, 48.0) | 542 | 75.8 (72.8, 78.9) |
| P | 0.22 | 0.011 | 0.68 | 0.43 | ||||
| Season | ||||||||
| Winter months11 | 7261 | 60.6 (58.5, 62.7) | 3371 | 55.4 (53.5, 57.3) | 1597 | 43.3 (41.0, 45.6) | 1865 | 70.1 (67.8, 72.5) |
| Summer months12 | 8389 | 72.8 (71.2, 74.3) | 1767 | 60.5 (58.0, 62.9) | 1400 | 50.5 (46.6, 54.3) | 4846 | 77.3 (75.4, 79.2) |
| P | <0.0001 | 0.0016 | 0.0007 | <0.0001 | ||||
| Latitude | ||||||||
| Southern13 | 5049 | 60.5 (57.5, 63.5) | 2905 | 56.3 (53.9, 58.7) | 946 | 45.3 (41.2, 49.4) | 981 | 70.4 (66.7, 74.2) |
| Northern14 | 10,600 | 70.5 (68.7, 72.3) | 2232 | 58.4 (56.1, 60.7) | 2051 | 47.2 (43.5, 50.9) | 5730 | 76.1 (74.5, 77.8) |
| P | 0.59 | 0.20 | 0.51 | 0.008 | ||||
Values are arithmetic means (95% CIs). P values are based on the overall Wald F-test, which tests whether at least 1 of the means among the categories is significantly different; all pairwise comparisons across race-ethnic groups within the same category of each variable were significant at P < 0.0001. CRP, C-reactive protein; 25(OH)D, 25-hydroxyvitamin D.
Estimates for “other” race-ethnicity group (persons with multiethnic background) are not shown but are included in total estimates.
The Hispanic subgroup represents the sum of Mexican-American and other Hispanic ethnicities.
1 μg cholecalciferol = 40 IUs.
Total intake represents the sum of dietary and supplemental vitamin D intake.
CRP concentrations in serum were used to assess inflammation status (<10 mg/L, no inflammation; ≥10 mg/L, inflammation).
BMI definitions (in kg/m2): <18.5 (underweight), 18.5 to <25 (normal-weight), 25 to <30 (overweight), and ≥30 (obese).
Limited to adults aged ≥20 y.
Estimate suppressed because considered statistically unreliable (n < 30).
Limited to adults aged 20–59 y.
Participants sampled from 1 November through 30 April.
Participants sampled from 1 May through 31 October.
Participants sampled at latitudes between 25°N and 34°N.
Participants sampled at latitudes ≥35°N.