Table 2.

Association of PPD and smoking behavior change from prior to pregnancy to postpartum (2 time-point analysis) and other participant characteristics (weighted logistic regression).

Participant Characteristics	Crude OR (95% CI)	P-value	Adjusted OR 95% CI)	P-value
Smoking Behavior Change
Quit (Reference)	1		1
Reduced	1.70 (1.40–1.90)	<0.001	1.34 (1.10–1.60)	0.001
Unchanged	1.70 (1.50–1.90)		1.32 (1.10–1.50)	<0.001
Increased	2.80 (2.30–3.50)		1.80 (1.50–2.30)	<0.001
Race/Hispanic origin
White, non-Hispanic (Reference)	1		1
Black, non-Hispanic	1.74 (1.50–2.03)	<0.001	1.20 (1.03–1.40)	0.02
Hispanic	1.21 (0.99–1.50)	0.06	1.05 (0.82–1.30)	0.7
Other, non-Hispanic	1.43 (1.20–1.73)	<0.001	1.30 (1.10–1.60)	0.007
Age, years
30+ (Reference)	1		1
25–29	1.07 (0.92–1.24)	0.3	1.03 (0.87–1.21)	0.72
20–24	1.43 (1.24–1.65)	<0.001	1.16 (0.97–1.40)	0.09
<20	1.81 (1.51–2.17)	<0.001	1.50 (1.18–1.80)	0.001
Education
12 years or greater (Reference)	1		1
<12 years	1.80 (1.60–2.00)	<0.001	1.20 (1.03–1.40)	0.01
Marital status
Married (Reference)	1		1
Unmarried	1.63 (1.45–1.80)	<0.001	0.95 (0.83–1.10)	0.6
Income year prior to delivery
>$50,000 (Reference)	1		1
$25,000–50,000	1.91 (1.60–2.30)	<0.001	1.70 (1.34–2.0)	<0.001
$15,000–24,999	2.14 (1.80–2.60)	<0.001	1.80 (1.40–2.20)	<0.001
$10,000–14,999	2.90 (2.30–3.50)	<0.001	2.10 (1.70–2.70)	<0.001
<$10,000	3.70 (3.10–4.40)	<0.001	2.50 (2.01–3.10	<0.001
Parity (Prior live birth)
Yes (Reference)	1		1
No	0.73 (0.65–0.80)	<0.001	0.75 (0.65–0.85)	<0.001