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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Apr 23.
Published in final edited form as: Prev Med. 2015 Apr 18;80:23–31. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.04.008

Table 3.

Contraceptive use prevalence.

Author (year) Women with opioid and other substance use disorders
Comparison population
Time frame of contraception assessment Comments
Contraceptive needs, N Contraceptive use, N (%) Contraceptive needs, N Contraceptive use, N (%)
Densen-Gerber et al. (1972) 50 26 (52) Lifetime 7 women did not provide contraception data
Eldred and Washington (1975) 73 23 (31) Not reported

  1. 6 women were intending to conceive

  2. Contraceptive use reported as either “all of the time” (23%) or “sometimes” (8%)
Ralph and Spigner (1986) 115 30 (26) Not calculable (49) Not reported N not reported for comparison group and thus could not be calculated
Armstrong et al. (1991) 368 143 (39) 42,411 41,265 (97) Last 1 month 231 women with substance use disorders problems and 12,812 comparison women were infertile, pregnant, or not sexually active
Kouzi et al. (1992) 99 45 (45)
White et al. (1993) 28 16 (57) Last 1 month

  1. 16 women were intending to conceive or were not sexually active

  2. Contraceptive use reported as “always” (46%) and “sometimes” (11%)
Morrison et al. (1995) 135 82 (61) Last 1 year 66 women were infertile, menopausal, pregnant, nor sexually active or intending to conceive
Dudish and Hatsukami (1996) 77 26 (34) Current 11 women were pregnant or had hysterectomies
Harcourt et al. (2001) 42 31 (74) 679 663 (98) Not reported 6 women were transgendered
Gelberg et al. (2002) 229 151 (66) Last 1 year Contraceptive use was reported as “always” (35%) or “sometimes” (31%).
Banwell et al. (2003) 399 137 (34) Not calculable (67) Current

  1. 63 women with substance use disorders were b18 and >49 and were excluded to match age range of comparison population

  2. N could not be calculated for comparison group as it was not reported
Harding and Ritchie (2003) 12 8 (67) Current 11 women were pregnant, menopausal, or not sexually active
Harvey et al. (2003) 91 62 (68) Last 1 month 3 women were not sexually active
Vidal-Trecan et al. (2003) 81 62 (77) 130 109 (84) Current
Weber et al. (2003) 262 162 (62) Current 49 women were infertile, pregnant, or not sexually active
Carrieri et al. (2006) 90 57 (63) Last 6 months
Clarke et al. (2006) 250 70 (28) Last 3 months

  1. 234 women were infertile, menopausal, intending to conceive, or not sexually active

  2. 72% reported “inconsistent” use of contraceptives, which included non-use in the last 3 months
Creighton et al. (2008) 18 1 (6) Last 3 months

  1. 7 women were pregnant

  2. Contraceptive use was defined as using “reliable” contraception.
Sharpe and Velasquez (2008) Not calculable (72) Not calculable (78) Not reported 1313 women across the polydrug using and comparison groups were sexually active, not pregnant, and not intending to conceive. Authors reported percentages of contraceptive use by such women in each group, but not the n for each group.
Olsen et al. (2009) 109 47 (43) Current
Abdala et al. (2011) 78 53 (68) Last 3 months
Duff et al. (2011) 196 88 (45) Last 6 months 15 women had a hysterectomy
Toffol et al. (2011) 84 21 (25) Current Contraceptive use only reported for women aged 30–54, and only for OCP and LNG-IUS
Black et al. (2012) 106 64 (60) Last 1 month 98 women were infertile, pregnant, trying to conceive, not sexually active, or provided incomplete data