Table 1.
Information of the key ingredients of BrainPower Advanced.
| Ingredients | Main active compounds | Effects and possible mechanisms of actions |
|---|---|---|
| Phosphatidylserine | Phosphatidylserine | Improves cognitive performance in elderly adults with memory deficits |
| Enhances cognitive performance in school children and adults | ||
| Restores impaired neuronal calcium and glucose uptake and metabolism in aged brain | ||
| Precursor of neuronal membrane phospholipid that is responsible for neuroplasticity, learning, and memory | ||
| Neuroprotection | ||
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| Catharanthus roseus | Vinpocetine | Enhance memory function in young healthy volunteers and in animals |
| Protect against ischemia by improving blood perfusion and cerebral blood flow | ||
| Increase glucose and oxygen consumption, cerebral ATP, and cAMP levels | ||
| Improve cerebral microcirculation by inhibiting platelet aggregation | ||
| Reduce red blood cell deformability and cerebral vascular resistance | ||
| Enhance neurotransmitter production, release, and concentration in the brain | ||
| Block voltage-gated sodium channels and potentiate the neuroprotective effect of adenosine in hypoxia | ||
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| Huperzia serrata (whole plant) | Huperzine A Huperzine B |
Inhibitor of AChE and NMDAR |
| Inhibitor of b-amyloid neurotoxicity | ||
| Strong antioxidative, antiapoptotic, and neuroprotective activities | ||
| Improve cognition in healthy people | ||
| Reverse or attenuate cognitive deficits in older adults | ||
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| Ginkgo biloba | Flavonoids Terpenoids Terpene lactones (ginkgolides and bilobalide) |
Large dose may improve cognition, daily living activities, and mood |
| Dose-dependent and specific enhancing effects on memory, cognitive performance, and alertness in healthy adults | ||
| Delay cognitive decline in elderly population | ||
| Potentiate the cognitive-enhancing effects of phosphatidylserine | ||
| Memory improving effect in older people with memory deficits | ||
| Increase blood supply, vasodilation, reduce blood viscosity, balance neurotransmitter systems, and reduce free radicals | ||
| Inhibitor of platelet activating factor | ||
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| Vitamin B6 | Pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine | Homocysteine remethylation cofactor |
| Reduce blood homocysteine level which is a risk factor for cerebrovascular disease and neuron toxicity | ||
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| Vitamin B12 | Required for the methylation of homocysteine to methionine and needed for myelin, neurotransmitters, and membrane phospholipids for maintaining the integrity of the central nervous system | |
| Protects against brain atrophy | ||
| Protects mood and memory function | ||
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| L-Tyrosine | L-Tyrosine | Promotes protein utilization and enhances IgG antibody induction |
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| L-Pyroglutamic acid | L-Pyroglutamic acid | Makes N-terminal modification in neuronal peptides, hormones and peptides, and analogue/reservoir of glutamate |
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| Green tea extract (Camellia sinensis, leaf) |
Tea polyphenols (epigallocatechin gallate) | Free-radical scavengers, strong antioxidants, and neuroprotection |
| Anti-inflammatory; improve vasodilation and normal blood pressure, normal glucose, and lipid metabolism | ||
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| Acetyl-L-carnitine | Acetyl-L-carnitine | Regulates neuroplasticity, membrane function, and neurotransmitter release; reduces pain and depression activity at cholinergic neurons; membrane stabilization; and enhancing mitochondrial function |
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| Cola nut extract (kola nitida) | Caffeine Theobromine Theophylline |
Decrease brain beta-amyloid |
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| Choline bitartrate | A precursor of acetylcholine, a cholinergic neurotransmitter that declines with advancing age | |
| Improves auditory and visual word recognition at a dose of 12 g per day for 2 weeks | ||
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| L-Glutamine | Reduces beta-amyloid and H2O2-induced stress and DNA damage | |
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| L-Phenylalanine | An essential amino acid that can be converted to tyrosine and other excitatory neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine) | |
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| L-Cysteine | A precursor of the antioxidant glutathione and a flavor | |