Table 1.
Literature review of visual system injury by simulated blast.
| Reference | Animal | Injury-methoda | Outcome measures and time recorded post injury | Neuronal degeneration |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Petras et al. (28) | Rat | Single blast wave by shock tube, right side on. 12–22 psi | Brain histopathology. Vision-based behavioral tests. 14 days | YES, for brain visual centers |
| Koliatsos et al. (29) | Mouse | Single blast wave by shock tube, supine face on. 27 psi | Retina and brain histopathology. Vision-based behavioral tests. 5–14 days | YES, for retina and brain visual centers |
| Hines-Beard et al. (23) | Mouse | Air-blast directly to left eye. 23–30 psi | Eye gross pathology. Intraocular pressures. Optical coherence tomography. Visual acuity (optokinetics). 3–28 days | YES, for retina and optic nerve |
| Jiang et al. (12) | Mouse | Air-blast directly to left eye. Postinjury treatment with a β-adrenergic agonist. 23 psi | Retina histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Apoptotic protein ELISAs. 4-72 h | YES, for retina |
| Mohan et al. (24) | Mouse | Air-blast inside an open chamber, left side on. 20 psi | Retina histopathology and optic nerve electron microscopy. Pupil constriction response. Tear production. ERGs. Optical coherence tomography. Apoptotic protein ELISAs. Oxidative stress marker assays. 1–24 h. 7 days. 4–10 months | YES, for retina and optic nerve |
| Zou et al. (11) | Rat | Single blast wave by explosive charge detonations, prone face on. 26–70 psi | Retina histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Cytokine immunoassay arrays. Apoptotic and edema protein Westerns. Neurotransmitter assays. 1–14 days | YES, for retina |
| Bricker-Anthony et al. (20) | Mouse | Air-blast directly to left eye. 26 psi | Retina and optic nerve histopathology and immunohistochemistry. ERGs. Optical coherence tomography. Oxidative stress marker assays. 3–28 days | YES, for retina and optic nerve |
| Bricker-Anthony et al. (21) | Mouse | Air-blast directly to left eye. 23–30 psi | Retina and optic nerve histopathology and immunohistochemistry. ERGs. Visual acuity (optokinetics). Optical coherence tomography. Oxidative stress marker assays. 3–28 days | YES, for retina and optic nerve |
| Wang et al. (30) | Rat | Single blast wave by shock tube, right side on. 17 psi | Retina and optic nerve histopathology and immunohistochemistry. 3–48 h | YES, for retina and optic nerve |
| Dutca et al. (13) | Mouse | Air-blast inside an open chamber, left side on. Postinjury treatment with a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase agonist. 20 psi | Retina histopathology and dendritic field analysis. ERGs. Single retinal cell/multi-electrode array recordings. Intraocular pressures. Optical coherence tomography. 1–16 weeks | YES, for retina |
| Jiang et al. (31) | Mouse | Air-blast directly to left eye. Postinjury treatment with a β-adrenergic agonist. 26 psi | Retina growth factor and apoptotic protein and cytokine ELISAs and Western blots. 4–72 h | YES, for retina |
| Reiner et al. (14) | Mouse | Air-blast directly to skull’s parietal – squamosal area. Postinjury treatment with a cannabinoid receptor agonist. 50–60 psi | Retina and brain histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Visual acuity (optokinetics). 3 days–11 weeks | YES, for retina and brain visual centers |
| Choi et al. (32) | Rat | Single or repetitive blast waves by shock tube, right side on. 10 psi | Retina and optic nerve immunohistochemistry. 4 days | YES, for retina and optic nerve |
| Bricker-Anthony et al. (22) | Mouse | Air-blast directly to left eye, but only contralateral (right eye) tested. 26 psi | Eye gross pathology. Retina and optic nerve histopathology and immunohistochemistry. ERGs. Visual acuity (optokinetics). Optical coherence tomography. 3–28 days | YES, just for retina |
| Guley et al. (33) | Mouse | Air-blast directly to skull’s parietal – squamosal area. 20–60 psi | Retina, optic nerve, and brain histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Visual acuity (optokinetics). 3 days–11 weeks | YES, for retina, optic nerve, and brain visual centers |
apsi, pounds per square inch.