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. 2016 Apr 25;7:59. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2016.00059

Table 1.

Literature review of visual system injury by simulated blast.

Reference Animal Injury-methoda Outcome measures and time recorded post injury Neuronal degeneration
Petras 
et al. (28) Rat Single blast wave by shock tube, right side on. 12–22 psi Brain histopathology. Vision-based behavioral tests. 14 days YES, for brain visual centers
Koliatsos 
et al. (29) Mouse Single blast wave by shock tube, supine face on. 27 psi Retina and brain histopathology. Vision-based behavioral tests. 5–14 days YES, for retina and brain visual centers
Hines-Beard 
et al. (23) Mouse Air-blast directly to left eye. 23–30 psi Eye gross pathology. Intraocular pressures. Optical coherence tomography. Visual acuity (optokinetics). 3–28 days YES, for retina and optic nerve
Jiang et al. (12) Mouse Air-blast directly to left eye. Postinjury treatment with a β-adrenergic agonist. 23 psi Retina histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Apoptotic protein ELISAs. 4-72 h YES, for retina
Mohan 
et al. (24) Mouse Air-blast inside an open chamber, left side on. 20 psi Retina histopathology and optic nerve electron microscopy. Pupil constriction response. Tear production. ERGs. Optical coherence tomography. Apoptotic protein ELISAs. Oxidative stress marker assays. 1–24 h. 7 days. 4–10 months YES, for retina and optic nerve
Zou et al. (11) Rat Single blast wave by explosive charge detonations, prone face on. 26–70 psi Retina histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Cytokine immunoassay arrays. Apoptotic and edema protein Westerns. Neurotransmitter assays. 1–14 days YES, for retina
Bricker-Anthony 
et al. (20) Mouse Air-blast directly to left eye. 26 psi Retina and optic nerve histopathology and immunohistochemistry. ERGs. Optical coherence tomography. Oxidative stress marker assays. 3–28 days YES, for retina and optic nerve
Bricker-Anthony 
et al. (21) Mouse Air-blast directly to left eye. 23–30 psi Retina and optic nerve histopathology and immunohistochemistry. ERGs. Visual acuity (optokinetics). Optical coherence tomography. Oxidative stress marker assays. 3–28 days YES, for retina and optic nerve
Wang et al. (30) Rat Single blast wave by shock tube, right side on. 17 psi Retina and optic nerve histopathology and immunohistochemistry. 3–48 h YES, for retina and optic nerve
Dutca 
et al. (13) Mouse Air-blast inside an open chamber, left side on. Postinjury treatment with a nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase agonist. 20 psi Retina histopathology and dendritic field analysis. ERGs. Single retinal cell/multi-electrode array recordings. Intraocular pressures. Optical coherence tomography. 1–16 weeks YES, for retina
Jiang et al. (31) Mouse Air-blast directly to left eye. Postinjury 
treatment with a β-adrenergic agonist. 26 psi Retina growth factor and apoptotic protein and cytokine ELISAs and Western blots. 4–72 h YES, for retina
Reiner 
et al. (14) Mouse Air-blast directly to skull’s parietal – squamosal area. Postinjury treatment with a cannabinoid receptor agonist. 50–60 psi Retina and brain histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Visual acuity (optokinetics). 3 days–11 weeks YES, for retina and brain visual centers
Choi et al. (32) Rat Single or repetitive blast waves by shock tube, right side on. 10 psi Retina and optic nerve immunohistochemistry. 4 days YES, for retina and optic nerve
Bricker-Anthony 
et al. (22) Mouse Air-blast directly to left eye, but only contralateral (right eye) tested. 26 psi Eye gross pathology. Retina and optic nerve histopathology and immunohistochemistry. ERGs. Visual acuity (optokinetics). Optical coherence tomography. 3–28 days YES, just for retina
Guley 
et al. (33) Mouse Air-blast directly to skull’s parietal – squamosal area. 20–60 psi Retina, optic nerve, and brain histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Visual acuity (optokinetics). 3 days–11 weeks YES, for retina, optic nerve, and brain visual centers

apsi, pounds per square inch.