Table 1. Descriptive Characteristics of the Study Groups.

	All Veterans (N = 124)				Vietnam Combat Veterans (n = 36)
	PTSD (n = 49)	No PTSD (n = 75)	t (df = 121)	χ2 (df)	PTSD (n = 18)	No PTSD (n = 18)	t (df= 34)	χ2 (df)
Demographic measures
Mean age (SD)	47 (7.41)	49 (7.08)	1.21		53 (2.63)	54 (3.90)	1.10
Ethnicity (%)				10.59 (5, N = 123)				3.44 (3, N = 36)
Caucasian	71 (n = 35)	68 (n = 51)			61 (n = 11)	67 (n = 12)
African American	14 (n = 7)	27 (n = 20)			22 (n = 4)	33 (n = 6)
Hispanic	4 (n = 2)	3 (n = 2)			5 (n = 1)	0
Other	10 (n = 5)	2 (n = 1)			0	0
War Era (%)				.63 (2, N = 123)				N/A
Vietnam	65 (n = 32)	59 (n = 44)			100 (n = 18)	100 (n = 18)
Desert Storm	10 (n = 5)	9 (n = 7)			0	0
Othera	25 (n = 12)	32 (n = 23)			0	0
Mean combat exp. (SD)	N/A	N/A			25. 06 (7.84)	17.19 (10.11)	2.46*
Psychopathology Measures:
Mean (SD)
PTSD Checklist
Total Score	63.00 (9.27)	32.09 (10.20)	17.05***		61.83 (9.83)	31.22 (10.16)	9.19***
Reexp. Sx.	18.25 (3.59)	8.84 (4.06)	12.79***		17.72 (3.66)	8.22 (3.80)	7.64***
Avoidance Sx.	7.45 (1.87)	3.78 (1.90)	10.52***		7.39 (1.97)	3.39 (1.58)	6.72***
Em. Numbing Sx.	18.35 (3.59)	10.04 (4.15)	11.45***		18.28 (4.09)	9.67 (3.88)	6.49***
Hyperarousal Sx.	18.96 (3.20)	9.43 (3.18)	16.22***		18.44 (3.50)	9.94 (3.35)	7.64***
BSI: GSI (raw score)	1.67 (.56)	.46 (.32)	15.13***		1.60 (.64)	.45 (.30)	6.89***
BSI: Depression (raw score)	2.20 (.97)	.67 (.64)	10.58***		2.04 (1.04)	.60 (.57)	5.12***

Note. The Combat Exposure Scale was administered only to the Vietnam combat veterans. PTSD = posttraumatic stress disorder; SD = standard deviation; DF = degrees of freedom; Exp = exposure; Reexp. = reexperiencing; Sx. = symptoms; Em. = emotional; BSI = Brief Symptom Inventory; GSI = Global Severity Index. Avoidance scores are the sum of items 6 - 7 on the PTSD Checklist (PCL) and emotional numbing scores are the sum of items 8 - 12 on the PCL.

^aOther refers to veterans who did not serve during war time.

^*p < .05.

^***p < .001.