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. 2015 Jul 28;2(3):392–405. doi: 10.1080/23328940.2015.1069437

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© 2015 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The moral rights of the named author(s) have been asserted.

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Figure 4. — Tail sympathetic fiber response to bilateral inhibition of RVLM neurons with muscimol (336 pmol in 160 nl per side, 2 arrows) or to inhibition of the medullary raphé neurons with muscimol (360 pmol in 120nl) in anesthetized rats. (A) After the inhibition of the RVLM neurons, either of L-glutamate (L-Glu, 6 nmol in 120 nl) injection into the medullary raphé or strong cooling was still able to activate tail sympathetic fibers. (B) After neuronal inhibition in the medullary raphé, either of L-Glu injection into the RVLM or strong cooling fails to reactivate the tail fibers. Horizontal bars on skin temperature traces show periods when cooling was performed. Modified from Ootsuka and McAllen.⁵¹ © American Physiological Society. Permission to reuse must be obtained from the rightsholder.