Table 4.

Classification of cardiac, aortic vascular, and thoracic surgical procedures into low and high risk of acute respiratory distress syndrome

Low-risk surgical procedures
Cardiac	Aortic vascular	Thoracic
Single valve repair	Primary abdominal aortic aneurysm repair	Video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery
ASD/VSD closure	Endovascular repair	Fundoplication surgery
Myectomy		Open lung biopsy
Sternal wound revision		Wedge lung resection
Pacemaker lead/device removal		Segmental lung resection

High-risk surgical procedures
Cardiac	Aortic vascular	Thoracic
CABG	Descending thoracic aortic surgery	Multiple segmental lung resections
Valve replacement	Thoracoabdominal aortic surgery	Lobectomy
Multiple valve repair	Any revision aortic surgery	Multilobectomy
Pericardial resection		Pneumonectomy
Ascending aortic/aortic arch repair		Esophagectomy
Congenital heart repair		Lung decortication
Cardiac transplantation
Cardiac reoperation

ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ASD, atrial septal defect; CABG, coronary artery bypass grafting; VSD, ventricular septal defect. Adapted with permission from [45■].