Table 4.

Comparison of the current and prior circumferential uniaxial tensile tests. Values are listed for the center region (anterior–posterior axis) unless otherwise indicated.

Reference	Species	Side	Shape	Modulus (MPa)	Peak strain (%)a	Peak stress (MPa)	Environment	Strain measurement
Present study	Cow	Both	ET	241 ± 43	25 ± 7	36 ± 8	Mixed	Grip displacement
Present study	Cow	Both	R	190 ± 49	23 ± 6	27 ± 10	Air	Grip displacement
Present study	Cow	Both	DB	215 ± 86	19 ± 2	26 ± 12	Air	Grip displacement
Proctor et al. [18]b	Cow	Medial	DB	140 ± 80	NA	NA	Bath	Gauge lines
Anderson et al. [22]b	Sheep	Medial	DB	239 ± 97	12 ± 3	24 ± 3	Bath	Gauge lines
Tanaka et al. [17]c	Sheep	Medial	ET	187 ± 32	36 ± 2	36 ± 5	Mist	Grip displacement
Stabile et al. [7]	Sheep	Medial	Unknown	67 ± 30	NA	NA	Air	Gauge markers
Tanaka et al. [17]	Pig	Medial	ET	209 ± 35	30 ± 5	38 ± 8	Mist	Grip displacement
LeRoux and Setton [32]	Dog	Medial	R	68 ± 28	NA	NA	Bath	Optical
Sweigart and Athanasiou [12]	Rabbit	Medial	R	157 ± 49	NA	22 ± 7	Mist	Grip displacement
Fithian et al. [56]d	Human	Both	DB	161 ± 37	NA	NA	Unknown	Gauge lines
Tissakht and Ahmed [10]d	Human	Both	R	63 ± 11	27 ± 7	12 ± 2	Humid chamber	Grip displacement
Lechner et al. [15]	Human	Medial	DB	84 ± 24	NA	NA	Bath	Gauge lines
Tanaka et al. [17]	Human	Medial	ET	98 ± 22	22 ± 4	12 ± 2	Mist	Grip displacement
Bursac et al. [16]d	Human	Both	R	73 ± 15	NA	NA	Bath	Grip displacement

^aCauchy (engineering) strain.

^bAverage of reported anterior and posterior values.

^cSkelatally immature animals.

^dAverage of reported medial and lateral values.