Table 3.

Uncertainty in muscle parameters. Bold stds for origin and insertion locations are from Duda et al. [57]. For origin and insertion locations not investigated in Duda et al. [57], a std of 5 mm along each axis was used according to the range of landmark location errors reported in White et al. and Kepple et al. [58,59]. A std of 5 mm along each axis was also used for all the via points of the 20 muscles included in the study.

				std (mm)
	COV (std/mean)			Origin			Insertion
Muscle	$F_M^o$	$L_M^o$	$\alpha$	x	y	z	x	y	z
Rectus Femoris	0.37	0.17	0.25	5	5	5	5	5	5
Vastus Intermedius	0.41	0.20	1.00	14	50	13	5	5	5
Vastus Lateralis	0.46	0.18	0.37	15	22	4	5	5	5
Vastus Medialis	0.35	0.24	0.23	11	38	15	5	5	5
Semimembranosus	0.41	0.27	0.23	5	5	5	5	5	5
Semitendinosus	0.42	0.21	0.38	5	5	5	5	5	5
Biceps Fem Long Head	0.42	0.47	0.27	5	5	5	5	5	5
Biceps Fem Short Head	0.33	0.19	0.29	10	18	5	5	5	5
Gastrocnemius Lateralis	0.34	0.16	0.26	9	15	10	5	5	5
Gastrocnemius Medialis	0.27	0.19	0.44	4	23	12	5	5	5
Soleus	0.29	0.23	0.36	5	5	5	5	5	5
Psoas	0.30	0.14	0.30	5	5	5	7	11	7
Iliacus	0.34	0.17	0.37	5	5	5	6	13	7
Tibialis Anterioris	0.28	0.12	0.32	5	5	5	5	5	5
Gluteus Medius Ant	0.43	0.21	0.84	5	5	5	8	12	6
Gluteus Medius Centr	0.43	0.21	0.84	5	5	5	8	12	6
Gluteus Medius Pos	0.43	0.21	0.84	5	5	5	8	12	6
Gluteus Maximus Ant	0.26	0.16	1.20	5	5	5	16	41	13
Gluteus Maximus Centr	0.26	0.16	1.20	5	5	5	13	27	13
Gluteus Maximus Pos	0.26	0.16	1.20	5	5	5	7	43	15