Table 5.

Summary of available hydrogels with tensile modulus, shear modulus, compressive modulus, adhesion strength, and gelation time.

Mechanical property	Material	Mechanical property values	References
Tensile modulus	Aligned nanofibrous poly-ε-caprolactone scaffold	5.8 ± 3.1 MPa	Nerurkar et al. [114]
	Poly(1,8-octanediol malate)	7.31–25.6 MPaa	Wan et al. [131]
	Aligned nanofibrous poly-ε-caprolactone scaffold	10.6–14.2 MPaa	Nerurkar et al. [115]
	Aligned electrospun polycarbonate polyurethane scaffold	46 ± 3 MPa	Yeganegi et al. [119]
	Electrospun PCL scaffold	2.5–7.25 MPaa	Koepsell et al. [118]
	Aligned nanofibrous poly-ε-caprolactone scaffold	20–35 MPaa	Nerurkar et al. [116]
	Aligned nanofibrous poly-ε-caprolactone scaffold ± MSCs	0.021 MPa (acellular), 0.032 MPa (cellular)b	Nerurkar et al. [117]
	Biodegradablepoly (d,l-lactide-co-trimethylene carbonate) networks	1.7–2.5 MPa (40 °C), 1000–1700 MPa (0 °C)	Sharifi et al. [122]
	Oriented electrospun poly(ester-urethane) and poly-ε-caprolactone	47–55.33 MPaa	Wismer et al. [120]
	Degradable polycarbonate urethane-anionic dihydroxyl oligomer scaffolds	3-5 MPaa,b	Turner et al. [121]
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) + chondroitin sulfate + aldehyde modified chondroitin sulphate	0.001108–0.00416 MPaa	Wiltsey et al. [132]
Compressive modulus	Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide - poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(ethylene imine) aka PNIPAAm-PEG/PEI with gluteraldehyde crosslinker	0.06–0.08 MPaa,b	Vernengo [123]
	Aligned nanofibrous poly-ε-caprolactone scaffold ± MSCs	0.016 MPa (acellular), 0.012 MPa (cellular)b	Nerurkar et al. [117]
	Scaffold free neo annular tissue construct from 3D pellet culture system using mature porcine AF cells	0.015 MPab	Cho et al. [124]
Disk-like angle ply structures made by electrospinning poly-ε-caprolactone	0.0126 ± 0.0043 MPa	Martin et al. [125]
Shear Modulus	Aligned nanofibrous poly-ε-caprolactone scaffold	2.1–3.8 MPaa,b	Driscoll et al. [126]
	Fibrin-Genipin	0.08–0.111 MPaa,b	Schek et al. [127]
	Fibrin-Genipin	0.0118–0.047 MPaa	Guterl et al. [128]
Hyaluronin acid-poly(ethylene glycol)	0.000109–0.00049 MPaa	Jeong et al. [129]
Adhesive strength	Aligned nanofibrous poly-ε-caprolactone scaffold	0.055–0.125 MPab	Nerurkar et al. [115]
	Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide–poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(ethylene imine) with gluteraldehyde crosslinker	0.0014–0.0025 MPaa	Vernengo [123]
	Fibrin-Genipin	0.062–0.0722 MPa	Guterl et al. [128]
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) + chondroitin sulfate ± aldehyde modified chondroitin sulfate	0.0011–0.0018 MPab	Wiltsey et al. [132]
Gelation Time	Fibrin-Genipin	202–906 sa	Guterl et al. [128]
Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) + chondroitin sulfate + aldehyde modified chondroitin sulfate	600 s	Wiltsey et al. [132]

^aThe values that range for different material compositions tested within a study.

^bValue estimated from plot.