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How the vacuole may shape transient changes in cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration, [Ca2+]cyt. A large (≈100 mV) electrochemical potential gradient (gray arrow) pushes Ca2+ from the vacuole into the cytosol. As a result, transient opening of vacuolar Ca2+ channels (in magenta) elevates [Ca2+]cyt (magenta line). Ca2+ is pumped back into the vacuole by Ca2+-ATPases and Ca2+:H+ exchangers (in cyan), resulting in a decrease of [Ca2+]cyt back to resting levels (cyan line).
